Term
| What is the definition of a glacier? |
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Definition
| a thick ice mass that originates on land from the accumulation, compaction, and recrystallization of snow |
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Term
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Definition
| Valley (Alpine), Ice Sheets (Continental glacier) |
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Term
| What is the difference between a mountain and a continental glacier? |
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Definition
Mountain glaciers are smaller then the Continental and only cover small region.
Continental occurs at high latitudes, while mountain glaciers occur at high altitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
Plastic Flow - flowing solid
(internal movement)
Basal Slip - movement over bedrock (external pressure melts ice) |
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Term
| Where within a mountain glacier is the movement fastest? |
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Definition
| Center (Top to Bottom!, least resistance) |
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Term
| Describe the glacial budget |
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Definition
In = zone of accumulation (snow)
Out = Ablation, general term for loss of ice or snow from a glacier
In > Out = glacier will grow
Out > In = glacier will shrink |
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Term
| How do glaciers lose mass? |
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Definition
If Out > In (Glacial Budget)
Ice out can be from melting or parts breaking off |
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Term
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Definition
| Unsorted debris transported by glaciers and deposited on land. Mixture of unsorted mud, sand, pebbles, and larger rocks deposited by glaciers. material deposited directly by the glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| a pile of debris that has been transported and deposited by a glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| Debris pushed along in front of the glacier |
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Term
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Definition
debris accumulated under the glacier
(unsorted) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sediment deposited on land or in water as a result of glaciation |
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Term
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Definition
| boulders, transported by glaciers and left on the surface as the glacier melted |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of sediments of varying sizes. (Does not infer digenesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| ridge of sorted sand and gravel deposited in sub-glacial melt water tunnels. (sorted) |
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Term
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Definition
| a water filled depression left by a glacial ice block. |
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Term
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Definition
| sand and gravels deposited by glacial melt water. (sorted) |
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Term
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Definition
| elongate hills formed when a glacier overrides glacial till |
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Term
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Definition
| material laid down by glacial melt water |
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Term
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Definition
| a tributary that enters a glacial trough high above the floor of the trough. |
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Term
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Definition
| a narrow, knifelike ridge separating two adjacent glaciated valleys |
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Term
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Definition
| a small lake in a cirque. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eroded triangular shaped cliffs in glaciated valleys. |
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Term
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Definition
| an amphitheater-shaped basin at the head of a glaciated valley. |
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Term
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Definition
| a pyramid-like peak formed by glacial action in three or more cirques surrounding a mountain summit. |
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Term
| What do Ice Sheets do to a landscape? |
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Definition
| tend to subdue the landscape |
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Term
| What do Valley Glaciers do to a landscape? |
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Definition
| tend to accentuate the landscape |
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Term
| What are the stages of glaciation in Illinois? |
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Definition
| 1. Wisconsin, 2. Illinoisan, 3. Pre-Illinoisan |
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Term
| In general, when did glaciation occur in Illinois? |
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Definition
| 2 million until 10,000 years ago |
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Term
| What direction did the glaciers advance from? |
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Definition
They moved from the North to the South.
Great Lakes and Canada to Mississippi and South from there |
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Term
| What is the Milakovitch theory? |
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Definition
1- Eccentricity of the orbit: earth does not go around in a perfect circle, sometimes further away (colder), sometimes closer (hotter)
2- Change in Earth's tilt
3- Procession of the Equinoxes
(General idea: Astronomical events can influence the temperature of the earth) |
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Term
| What are the layers of the atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere |
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Term
| In which layer does weather occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the constituents of the ancient atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Methane, Ammonia, Water Vapor, Hydrogen (NO OXYGEN) |
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Term
| What are the constituents of the present atmosphere? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide |
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Term
| Describe the troposphere. |
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Definition
| lowest layer, contains 80% of the mass of the atmosphere, layer where weather occurs, temperature decreases with height |
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Term
| Describe the stratosphere. |
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Definition
| Occurs between 15-50 km above surface, contains 18% of the mass of the atmosphere, temperature increases with height, contains ozone (O3) that shields the surface from UV radiation |
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Term
| Describe the green house effect. |
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Definition
| incoming solar radiation consists of short, high energy waves. These waves pass thought the atmosphere and are absorbed by the Earth. Some of this absorbed energy is then released back into the atmosphere as long, low energy waves which are absorbed by the particles in the atmosphere and raise the temperature. |
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Term
| What are some of the green house gases? |
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Definition
1.Water vapor
2.Carbon dioxide
3.methane
4.Chlo-floro-carbons (CFCs) |
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Term
| What is acid rain and how does it form? |
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Definition
results from the chemical reaction between water and certain compounds in the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) |
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Term
| What are the global atmospheric circulation cells called, where are they located, and what do they do? |
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Definition
1) Polar, Ferrel, Hadley
2) Pole, Middle, Equator, Equator, Middle, Pole
3) Cold dry air descends as warm moist air rises |
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Term
| What drives surface currents? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes a wave to break? |
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Definition
| when: wave base = 1/2 wave length as well as the resistance from the ocean floor as the wave travels toward the beach |
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Term
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Definition
| Gravitational influence of the Moon and Sun (occurs twice daily) |
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Term
| What drives thermohaline (deep sea) currents? |
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Definition
| Driven by difference density (temperature and salinity) |
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Term
| What is longshore transport? |
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Definition
Moving material down a beach. Waves hit the beach at an angle causing material to be thrown back at an angle, which is then pulled straight down
ex: /!/!/! /=push back at an angle, !=drawn back down in a straight line |
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Term
| What landforms are associated with wave refraction? |
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Definition
| Embayment (less energy), Headland (more energy, erode faster) |
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Term
| Land forms associated with wave refraction |
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Definition
| Sea Arches and Sea Stacks |
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Term
| Wave refraction does what to a coastline? |
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Definition
| Straightens it out (erodes it back into a straight line) |
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Term
| What are the parts of a wave? |
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Definition
| Trough (low part), Crest (high part) |
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Term
| Does a wave move: water or energy? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When the moon and sun are aligned, the high tide is exaggerated |
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Term
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Definition
| When the sun and moon are perpendicular (they form a right angle), each gravitational pulls are counteracted by the other. The high tide is small |
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Term
| What effect does this current have on our climate? |
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Definition
| The current is the transfer of heat energy, which helps keep the temperature moderate |
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Term
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Definition
•Less than 10 inches of precipitation.
•Generally lacking in vegetation.
•Cannot support a large population |
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Term
| Where do Subtropical Deserts form? |
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Definition
| By the Hadley cell (above and below the equator), controlled by air circulation, most common type of desert found |
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Term
| Where do Continental Interior Deserts form? |
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Definition
| Far from sources of moisture, clouds just can't make it |
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Term
| Where do rainshadow deserts occur? |
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Definition
| Backside of mountain ranges, as pressure rises water is squeezed out over the mountain and becomes a "cold sponge." Once elevation drops moisture is sucked up creating a desert. |
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Term
| Where do Coastal Deserts form? |
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Definition
| Cool dry air is blown in from the ocean and absorbs all the moisture from the first area of land it meets |
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Term
| Where do polar deserts form? |
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Definition
| cold air holds little moisture, what does precipitate that does fall remains as ice for 1000's of years |
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Term
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Definition
| Sand supply is limited, steady wind from one direction. "Horned" appearance, points which way the wind is blowing |
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Term
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Definition
| Wind direction varies and sand supply is limited |
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Term
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Definition
| Abundant sand, wind from one direction, form perpendicular to wind direction. (Barchan but with lots of sand) |
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Term
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Definition
| Develop along shorelines from off shore winds (Beaches are blown outward, sand is caught in vegetation, like Barchan but horns points opposite of wind direction). sand is abundant. |
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Term
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Definition
| limited sand supply, form parallel to the convergence of wind. |
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Term
| The type of dune that develops is dependent on what two things? |
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Definition
1) Sand Supply
2) Wind velocity and directional variability |
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Term
| Describe the three ways a Basil Slip can happen |
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Definition
1) the fern (round pieces of ice) roll forward
2) Slippage between layers
3) Melting during the day, freezing at night |
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Term
| Which gravitation pull is stronger on the Earth? |
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Definition
| the moon's pull is stronger than the sun's pull |
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Term
| types of glacial sediments |
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Definition
| sorted (transported by water) and unsorted (by ice) |
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Term
| How many tides are experienced every day on Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| true, pure water is 7.0, normal rain is 5.2, and acid rain is between 3 and 4 |
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