Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Geology 102 Ole Miss- Amadi
Ch.5
66
Geology
Undergraduate 1
02/25/2010

Additional Geology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Who used the Principle of Faunal
Succession to plan canal construction in
18th Century England?
Definition
William Smith (1769-1839)
Term
Are the building blocks of rocks
Definition
Minerals
Term
The Earth's crust is made up of
Definition
Rocks
Term
Minerals may contain --- that can be used for radiometric age dating.
Definition
Radioactive Elements
Term
Minerals that crystallize from magmas and lavas can provide information about temperatures, as well as viscosity of the magma, type of volcano, and ---
Definition
Tectonic Setting
Term
Minerals that form under metamorphic conditions can provide information about ---, from which we can determine the depth at which metamorphism occurred, and information about the history of the formation of mountain ranges.
Definition
Temperatures and pressures
Term
Minerals which contain iron can record the orientation of the Earth's magnetic field, which yields information on latitude, and provides evidence for drifting continents, sea floor spreading, and movement and reversal of the ---
Definition
Earth's magnetic poles
Term
Minerals can also tell us about the changing ---, for example, the presence or absence of oxygen.
Definition
Chemistry of the atmosphere
Term
Minerals are
Definition
Inorganic
Orderly internal crystal structure
Term
--- - the color of the mineral as it appears to the eye in reflected light. Note that some minerals may have a range of colors.
Definition
Color
Term
--- - the character of the light reflected from the mineral. A mineral may have a metallic luster or a non-metallic luster.
Definition
Luster
Term
--- - the resistance of a mineral to scratching.
Definition
Hardness
Term
Hardness is measured on a scale of 1 - 10 called ---
Definition
Mohs Hardness Scale
Term
--- - how heavy a mineral is for its size.
Definition
Density
Term
---- some minerals are in the form of crystals. Crystal shape is related to the structural arrangement of atoms within the mineral.
Definition
Crystal form
Term
--- - the tendency of a mineral to break along flat surfaces related to planes of weakness in its crystal structure. Minerals can be identified by the number of cleavage planes they exhibit, and the angles between them.
Definition
Cleavage
Term
--- - irregular breakage, not related to planes of weakness in the mineral.
Definition
Fracture
Term
Some minerals, such as quartz and olivine, do not have cleavage. They have a type of fracture called ---
Definition
Conchoidal fracture
Term
--- - A few minerals are magnetic. They are attracted to a magnet, or they act as a natural magnet, attracting small steel objects such as paperclips.
Definition
Magnetism
Term
--- - The carbonate minerals react with diluted --- by effervescing or fizzing, producing bubbles of carbon dioxide gas.
Definition
Reaction to acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Term
--- - Some minerals have a distinctive feel to the fingers.
Definition
Feel
Term
--- - Some minerals have a distinctive taste.
Definition
Taste
Term
--- - Some minerals can be bent.
Definition
Flexibility
Term
These elements help make up the dominant group of rock-forming minerals, the ---
Definition
Silicate minerals
Term
The silicate minerals are based on a crystal structure that involves four oxygen atoms arranged in pyramid-like shape, surrounding a ---
Definition
Smaller silicon atom
Term
Minerals that do not contain silicon are called ---
Definition
Non-silicates
Term
--- - A range of compositions with sodium and calcium.
Definition
Plagioclase
Term
--- - Colorless or silver-colored mica.
Definition
Muscovite
Term
--- Contains Mg and Fe.
Definition
Hornblende
Term
Main constituent of the ultramafic rock, --- (birthstone = peridot)
Definition
peridotite
Term
Main constituent of ---
Definition
limestone and marble
Term
--- - it alters to form calcite
Definition
Metastable
Term
Main constituent of sedimentary rock ---
Definition
dolostone
Term
--- (CaSO4)
Definition
Anhydrite
Term
Major constituent of --- (and table salt).
Definition
rock salt
Term
--- - rock that is fine-grained and massive
Definition
Alabaster
Term
--- - Two minerals with the same composition but different internal
crystalline structuer and, thus, different physical properties.
Definition
Mineral
Term
--- - Rocks changed by heat and/or pressure or chemical activity Examples: gneiss, schist, slate, marble
Definition
Metamorphic
Term
Igneous rocks crystallized from hot, molten ---, as it cooled.
Definition
Lava or magma
Term
--- rocks form from lava, which cooled on the Earth's surface.
Definition
volcanic
Term
--- igneous rocks form from lava (magma that has reached
the surface of Earth.
Definition
Intrusive or plutonic
Term
---influence the texture of the igneous rock.
Definition
Cooling Rates
Term
---= quick cooling = fine grained
Definition
Extrusive
Term
---= slow cooling = coarse grained
Definition
Intrusive
Term
Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of:

Texture (or grain size)
---
Definition
Composition
Term
Igneous Rock Composition Groups

Sialic
Intermediate
Mafic
---
Definition
Ultramafic
Term
Examples of Mafic rocks ---
Definition
Gabro and Basalt
Term
Form when loose sediment (gravel, sand, silt or clay) becomes compacted and/or --- to form rock
Definition
Cemented
Term
The process of converting sediment to sedimentary rock is called ---
Definition
lithification
Term
Sediment is deposited in horizontal layers. A major characteristic of sedimentary rock is horizontal layers, called ---
Definition
beds or strata
Term
---

humid tropical coal swamps,
dry windswept deserts,
glacial ice sheets,
high temperatures and high sea levels.
Definition
climates
Term
Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks (also called terrigenous or detrital)

--- Sedimentary Rocks

Organic Sedimentary Rocks (Coal)
Definition
Chemical/biochemical
Term
--- sedimentary rocks (also called terrigenous or detrital)
Conglomerate or Breccia
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale or Claystone
Definition
Clastic
Term
--- sedimentary rocks
Peat
Lignite
Bituminous coal
Anthracite coal
Definition
Organic
Term
--- (mud or fine-grained sediment surrounding the clasts)
Definition
Matrix
Term
Chemicals are removed from seawater and made into rocks by chemical processes, or --- (such as shell growth).
Definition
biological processes
Term
--- - form from chemical processes (silica replacing limestone) or biochemical processes (silica-secreting organisms)
Definition
siliceous rocks
Term
--- - composed of gypsum (CaSO4 . 2H2O)
Definition
travertine
Term
Carbonate Rocks
1. Limestones
2. ---
Definition
Siliceous rocks
Term
Diatomite - made of microscopic planktonic organisms called ---. Resembles chalk, but does not fizz in acid
Definition
diatoms
Term
Coal is a ---. Electric utility companies use more than 90% of the coal mined in the U.S.
Definition
fossil fuel
Term
Rocks are changed or metamorphosed by:
1. High temperatures
2. ---
3. Chemical reactions
Definition
High pressures
Term
Regional or ---
Alteration of rock over a large area by heat and pressure due to deep burial or tectonic processes.
Definition
dynamothermal metamorphism
Term
--- - Mica flakes are microscopic in size. Derived from the regional metamorphism of shale. Note the relict sedimentary bedding (vertical)
Definition
Schist
Term
Chlorite and muscovite form at relatively --- temperatures.
Definition
low
Term
Sillimanite forms at the --- temperatures and pressures.
Definition
highest
Supporting users have an ad free experience!