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Geology 102 Lab Exam #2
Topics on the 2nd lab exam
63
Geology
Undergraduate 1
04/23/2012

Additional Geology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Surface Runoff
Definition

Equal to

precipitation

- infiltration loss

- Evaporation

- transportation

Term
Discharge
Definition

equal to

velocity x cross-sectional area

Term
Flood Plain
Definition

area around channel

flat, common flooding area

Term
Natural Levees
Definition

lowridges formed by sandy sediments rapidly deposited by flood waters

 

Term
Back Swamps
Definition
develop in low areas on the flood-plain behind natural levees
Term
Meander
Definition

bend in the channel

[image]

Term
Cut bank
Definition
erosion on the outside of the meander
Term
Pointbar
Definition
deposition on the inside of the meander
Term
Meander Belt
Definition
zone on the floodplain within which meanders occur
Term
Cut Off
Definition

channel may take shortcuts accross a meander loop

[image]

Term
Oxbow Lake
Definition

channels can abandon the meander loop

[image]

Term
Yazoo Streams
Definition
when floodplains are wide and natural levees are high, tributary streams may flow through the flood plain
Term
Stream Terraces 
Definition
step-like benches above the level of preent day flood-plain
Term
Recurrence Interval
Definition
average interval between floods of a particular zone
Term
Trellis Drainage
Definition

found on fault lines

and lagre structures such as anticline or synclines

[image]

Term
Rectangular Drainage
Definition

made by fracture networks

[image]

Term
Dendritic Drainage
Definition

most common

found in loose sediment

[image]

Term
Radial Drainage
Definition
[image]
Term
Cyntripital Drainage
Definition
[image]
Term
Fluvial
Definition
erosion and deposition take place in the river profile
Term
Alluvium
Definition
erosion and deposition take place other than the river profile and not related to other profile such as a lake or channels
Term
Young Stream
Definition
  • all types of sediment
  • small sediment load
  • V- shaped channel
  • Velocity-fast
  • Gradient-High
  • no flood plain
  • erosion - Down Cutting
Term
Old Stream
Definition
  • sediment - sand to clay
  • small sediment load
  • U shaped channel
  • slow velocity
  • gradient - Low
  • well developed flood plain
  • lateral erosion
Term
Gradient
Definition
= change in elevation / river length(distance between 2 points)
Term
Aquifer
Definition

porous and permiable media with the ability to transfer or store water

[image]

Term
Permiability
Definition

ease of conducting water

 

the rate at which groundwater flows i determined by permiabillity

Term
Effective Porosity
Definition
the percent of open space through which the groundwater actually flows
Term
Hydraulic Gradient
Definition
the slope down which the groundwater flows
Term
Head
Definition
difference between elevations
Term
Unconfined Aquifer
Definition

the movement of the water is unconstricted

 

and is recharged by water percolating downward from the overlayign surface

 

sand and gravel make excellent unconfined aquifers

Term
Confined Aquifer
Definition

overlain or sandwiched between, comparatively impermiable confining layers

 

recharged where they are exposed to the surface and by whatever water that can leak through teh congining beds

Term
Springs
Definition
occur where the groundwater comes to the surface
Term
Artesian Well
Definition

if you drill a well in to a confined aquifer, water generally rises above the level of the aquifer, forming an artesian well

[image]

Term
Cone of Depression
Definition

pumping causes the level of the water and the pressure in the well to drop, allowing more water to flow into the well.

 

if the aquifer os unconfined, continuous pumping causes a cone of depression

[image]

Term
Dissapearing Streams
Definition
surface streams that plunge underground to become underground rivers
Term

Sinkholes

 

Definition
depressions formed by the dissolution of carbonate rock beneath the overlaying soil or by the colapse of portions  of near-surface caves
Term
Karst Topography
Definition

areas underlain by carbonate rocks in which dissolution has been active develop a distance surface appearance

 

[image]

Term
Original Horizontality
Definition
Sediments originally deposited in horizontal layers 
Term
Superposition
Definition
In undisturbed strata, older layers lie beneath younger ones
Term
Lateral Continuity
Definition
 layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions
Term
Cross-Cutting Relations
Definition
and geologic feature is younger than any feature that it cuts
Term
Inclusions
Definition
If a rock contains fragments of another rock, the fragments must be older than the rock containing them
Term
Unconformity
Definition
a surface that represents a substantial gap in the geologic record
Term

Angular Unconformity

 

Definition

an erosion surface seperating rocks whose layers are not parallel

 

tilted sediments with flat sediments on top

Term
disconformity
Definition

an erosion surface or a surface of nondeposition seperating rocks whose layers are parallel

 

missing time between 2 sediments or rock layers

Term
Nonconformity
Definition

a erosion surface seperating sedimentary rocks from older plutonic or massive metaporphic rocks

 

sedimentary over igneous or metamophic rocks

Term
Isotopes
Definition

varieties of an element containing different numbers of neutrons in thier nuclei

 

 

Term

Half Life

 

Definition

the time required for half the atoms of any starting mass of radioactive isotope to decay away

 

 

Term
Decay Constant
Definition

directly related to the half life

 

describes the proportion of the starting mass of a given isotope that will decay away in a year

Term
Age Equation
Definition

t = ln(ND/NP - 1) / λ

 

λ = decay constant

ND = # of dsughter atoms

NP = # of parent atoms

t = time

 

Term
Strike and Dip 
Definition

used to describe the orientation of bedding planes and other planar features

 

so that the overal geometry of tilted and folded layers can be described and visualized on a map

 

 

Term
Strike
Definition

represents the intersection of a tilted bedding plane with a horizontal plane

 

 

Term
Dip
Definition

perpendicular to strike

 

angle to define orientation

 

T pointing in direction ot tilt(downward)

Term
Anticline
Definition
[image]
Term
Syncline
Definition
[image]
Term
Plunging Synclines and Anticlines
Definition
[image]
Term
Domes and Basins
Definition
[image]
Term
Faults
Definition
[image]
Term
Seismograph
Definition

record earthquakes

 

P and S waves arival difference can be used to obtain the distance to the earthquake

Term
S Wave
Definition

"shear wave"

 

moves parallel to direction of wave propagation

 

only move through solids

Term
P wave
Definition

primary wave

 

highest velocity

 

moves perpendicullar to propagation

Term
Convergent Boudaries
Definition

Ex: himalaya's 

 

[image]
[image]
Oceanic-continental
[image]
[image]
Continental-continental
[image]
[image]
Oceanic-oceanic
Term
Divergent Boundary
Definition

Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

 

[image]

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