two (or more) tectonic plates or fragments oflithosphere move toward one another and collide.

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ex: san andres fault

1. magnetic reversals
2. continetial fit
3. occurance of volcanos & earth quakes
4. Mountain belts
5. Fossils
6. Paleoclimates

Oldest Oceanic Crust?

Oldest Continental crust?

oceanic ~ 200 Million Years

continental ~ 3.8 Billion Years

appearance of minerals when light is relfected from its surface

metallic vs. non-metallic

a solid, homogenous, orderly array of atoms

Potassium Feldspar

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 6

Streak: White

Cleavage: 2 @ 90 deg

other properties: no striations

Gypsum

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 2

Streak: White

Cleavage: 3 not @ 90 deg

other properties: striations

Galena

luster: metallic

hardness: 2.5

Streak: black

Cleavage: 3 @ 90 deg

Biotite

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 1

Streak: blackish

Cleavage: 1

other properties: flakey

Sulfur

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 1.5-2.5

Streak: yellowish

Cleavage: 0

other properties: smell

Pyrite

luster: metallic

hardness: 6-7

Streak: black

Cleavage: 3 @ 90 deg

Garnet

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 6-7

Streak: colorless

Cleavage: 0

Chalcopyrite

luster: metallic

hardness: 3.5-4

Streak: greenish black

Cleavage: 0

other properties: softer than pyrite

Olivine

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 6-7

Streak: White

Cleavage: 0

other properties: glassy luster, color

Muscovite

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 1-2

Streak: White

Cleavage: 1

other properties: transparent

Corundum

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 7-8

Streak: White

Cleavage: 3 not @ 90 deg

Halite

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 2-3.5

Streak: White

Cleavage: 3 @ 90 deg

other properties: tastes salty

Hematite

luster: metallic

hardness: 5.5-7

Streak: redish grey

Cleavage: 0

kaolinite

luster: non-metallic

hardness: < 2

Streak: White

Cleavage: 0

Quartz

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 7

Streak: White

Cleavage: 3 not @ 90 deg

other properties: multi colored, pyramid heads

Calcite

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 2-3.5

Streak: colorless

Cleavage: 3 not @ 90 deg

other properties: reacts w/ HCl

Magnetite

luster: metallic

hardness: 5.5

Streak: black

Cleavage: 0

other properties: magnetic

Plagiocase

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 6-7

Streak: colorless

Cleavage: 2 not @ 90 deg

Flourite

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 4

Streak: white

Cleavage: 4 not @ 90 deg

other properties: purple, green

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Pyroxene

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 7

Streak: white

Cleavage: 2 not @ 90 deg

Hornblende

luster: non-metallic

hardness: 5-6

Streak: gray/ greenish black

Cleavage: 0

dark in color

form an mid-ocean ridges

hot spots

light in color

form at subduction zones

continental material needed

mix of mafic and felsic

form at subduction zones

rare -> mid ocean ridges

igneous rocks with crystals > 3cm

high H2O

slow cooling

igneous rock w/ holes

gas rich lava

<60% vesicals

igneous rock

> 60% vesicals

igneous rock

w/ 3 crystal sizes

slow cooling ----> fals cooling

"chocloate chip cookies"

igneous rocks

instant cooling

Scoria

texture: vesicular

mineral composition: mafic

other properties: black/ red color

orgin: cinder cone

Basalt

texture: aphanitic

mineral composition: mafic

other properties: almost black in color

orgin: Mid-ocean ridge/hot spots

Pumice

texture: glassy w/ several small vesicles

mineral composition: felsic

other properties: light grey in color

orgin: froth of volcanic glass

Diorite

texture: course grained (phaneritic)

mineral composition: intermediate

other properties: black/white color

orgin: intrusive

[image][image][image]

Granite

texture: phaneritic

mineral composition: felsic

other properties: black/grey/pinkish in color

orgin: slow-cooling

Obsidian

texture: glassy

mineral composition: intermediate

other properties: black 

orgin: instant cooling

Gabbro

texture: phaneritic

mineral composition: mafic

other properties: mostly dark colored

orgin: slow-cooling

Rhyolite Tuff

texture: pyroclastic

mineral composition: felsic

other properties: sandy color

orgin: 2-step cooling

Vesicular Basalt

texture: scoriacous

mineral composition: mafic

other properties: black

orgin: lava flow or cinder cone

Porphyritic Granite

texture: course grained (prophyctic)

mineral composition: felsic

other properties: pink/grey

orgin: slow-cooling/intrusive

Rhyolite

texture: fine grained (aphanitic)

mineral composition: felsic

other properties: tan/pink

orgin: slow-cooling/intrusive

Andesite/Porphyry

texture: porphoritic

mineral composition: intermediate

other properties: gray w/ black crystals

orgin: 2-step cooling

1. weathering- physical and chemical
2. erosion/transportation
3. compaction & cementation

physical ---> ex. freeze thaw

chemical----> ex. H2O disolve existing minerals

• wind, water, ice - most effective agents of erosion
• once sediments in suspension, it will stay suspended until there is a decrease in energy
• sediment size indicates how much energy is needed

• occurs after energy drops enough for deposition
• can determine distance from source & maturity form sorting and roundinf of clasts
• well sorted vs. poorly sorted
• well rounded vs. angular

1. clastic
2. biogenic
3. chemical

• composed of bits of other rocks "clasts"
• classified based in clast size

gravel > 2mm

sand  2mm - 0.063mm
can be seen feels sandy
silt & clay < 0.063mm silt feels gritty

• composed of organic material or clasts ex:shells
• classified based on what composed of

• composed of one mineral - feels smooth, looks crystaline
• classified based on what mineral composed of

sedimentary deposition

fine

medium

largest

sedimentary structure

symetrical vs. asymetrical

sedimentary structure

caused by current

(diagonal bedding)

sedimentary structure

no current needed

(horiz bedding)

sedimentary structure

mracks on top of rock, used to be mud

Arkose

texture: Clastic

mineral composition: Quartz

sorting/roundness: well-sorted & rounded

depositional conditions: alluvial fan

Rock salt

texture: crystalline

mineral composition: halite

depositional conditions: euforite basin

Coal

texture: bioclastic

mineral composition: carbon

fossils/ condition: leaves

depositional conditions: compacted vegitation

Clastic Limestone

texture: bioclastic

mineral composition: calcite

fossils/ condition: shels clams, broken

depositional conditions: beach enviroment

Mudstone

texture: Clastic

mineral composition: clay

sorting/roundness: rounded, well-sorted

depositional conditions: deep ocean

Breccia

texture: clastic

mineral composition: Calcite

sorting/roundness: poorly sorted

depositional conditions: glacier

Coquina

texture: bioclastic

mineral composition: calcite

fossils/ condition: clams, broken up

depositional conditions: beach enviroment/reef

Rock Gypsum

texture: crystalline

mineral composition: gypsum

depositional conditions: evaporite basin

Chert

texture: crystalline

mineral composition: quartz

sorting/roundness: angular

depositional conditions: deep ocean

Conglomerate

texture: clastic

mineral composition: quartz and k-spar

sorting/roundness: well sorted, rounded

depositional conditions: riverbed

Claystone

texture: bioclastic

mineral composition: calcite

sorting/roundness: rounded, well sorted

fossils/ condition: micro fossils, whole

depositional conditions:  deep ocean

Shale

texture: clastic

mineral composition: clay minerals

sorting/roundness: round, well sorted

depositional conditions: deep ocean

Calcite

texture: crystalline

mineral composition: calcite

depositional conditions: marine shelf

parent rock

"what did it used to be?"

large events

heat, pressure, fluid

foliation - parallel alignment of minerals (only in regional settings)

localized - heat & fluids

types:

1. intrusives
2. impacts

Slate

Foliation: foliated

Texture: fine grained

composition: slaty cleavage, "ping" sound when dropped

grade: Low

uses: roofing

protolith: shale

Gneiss

Foliation: foliated

Texture: medium grained, crystaline

composition: light & dark, layers, banded

grade: high

uses: monuments, counters

protolith: granite, shale, mudstone

Schist

Foliation: foliated

Texture: crystaline

composition: crystals apearent, scaley look

grade: medium-high

uses: garnet

protolith: shale, mudstone

Phyllite

Foliation: folliated

Texture: phylitic

composition: silky, shiny luster

grade: low- medium

uses: tall decrotive statues

protolith:  shale

Marble

Foliation: non foliated

Texture: crystalline

composition: chiefly calcite, reacts w/ HCl

grade: low-medium

uses: indoor decorative

protolith: limestone

Quartzite

Foliation: non foliated

Texture: crystalline

composition: chiefly quartz, scratches glass

grade: medium- high

uses: building stone

protolith: quartz sandstone

Anthracite Coal

Foliation: non foliated

Texture: crystalline

composition: shiny, dark, conchoidal fracture

grade: low

uses: fuel/energy

protolith: coal