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Geology 102 Amadi Ch. 5
Second Part of Chapter 5
78
Geology
Undergraduate 1
03/10/2010

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Term
Estuaries are located where?
Definition
At the mouth of the river drowned by the sea
Term
Estuaries have what type of water?
Definition
Brackish
Term
Many estuaries form due to --- and ---?
Definition
sea level rise from the end of the last ice age

tectonic subsidence
Term
What are five continental environments?
Definition
River
Allvial fans
Lakes
Glacial environments
Eolian environments
Term
River Channels, bars, levees, and floodplains are subenvironments of what main environment
Definition
Fluvial
Term
--- are fan-shaped deposits at the base of a mountain
Definition
Alluvial fans
Term
Alluvial fans are most common in what type of environment
Definition
semi-arid
Term
Alluvial fan sediment is usally (course;poorly-sorted/fine; well-sorted) sand and gravel
Definition
course and poorly-sorted
Term
Lake Environments may be:
A. Small and shallow
B. Large and deep
C. Both A and B
Definition
C.
Term
Terrigenous, carbonate, or evaporitic sediments are usually found in what type of environment?
Definition
Lacustrine (lakes)
Term
--- are shallow, temporary lakes that form in arid regions.
Definition
Playa lakes
Term
Typical environment where sediment is eroded, transported, and deposited by ice
Definition
Glacial
Term
Glacial deposits called --- contain large volumes of unsorted mixtures of boulders, gravel, sand, and clay.
Definition
till
Term
In eolian environments, --- is the main agent of sediment transport and deposition
Definition
wind
Term
Typical environment common in many desert regions
Definition
Eolian
Term
Black and dark gray coloration in sedimentary rocks generally indicates the presence of --- and/or iron.
Definition
organic carbon
Term
Organic carbon in sedimentary requires --- environmental conditions.
Definition
anoxic
Term
Red coloration in sedimentary rocks indicates the presence of ---
Definition
iron oxides
Term
--- typically indicate deposition in well-oxygenated continental sedimentary environments. May also be transitional or marine.
Definition
Red beds
Term
The typical coloration in sedimentary rocks that indicate the presence of iron, but a reduced state
Definition
Green and gray
Term
--- - is the size, shape, sorting, and arrangement of grains in a sedimentary rock.
Definition
Texture
Term
Fine grained textures typically indicate deposition in ---
Definition
quiet water
Term
In general, it takes (higher/lower) energy to transport larger grains.
Definition
higher
Term
--- are the larger grains in the rock (gravel, sand, silt)
Definition
Clasts
Term
--- are the fine-grained material surrounding clasts (often clay)
Definition
Matrix
Term
--- is the "glue" that hold rocks together
Definition
Cement
Term
The grain size of --- is > 2mm
A. Gravel
B. Sand
C. Silt
D. Clay
Definition
A. Gravel
Term
The grain size of --- is between 1/16-2mm
A. Gravel
B. Sand
C. Silt
D. Clay
Definition
B. Sand
Term
The grain size of --- is between 1/256-1/16mm
A. Gravel
B. Sand
C. Silt
D. Clay
Definition
C. Silt
Term
The grain size of --- is < 1/256mm
A. Gravel
B. Sand
C. Silt
D. Clay
Definition
D. Clay
Term
Refers to the distribution of grain sizes in a rock
Definition
Sorting
Term
term is used when turbulence from waves will --- out finer grain sizes, leaving sands on the beach.
Definition
Winnow
Term
A poorly sorted mixture of rocks would include ---(3)
Definition
Sand, clay, and gravel
Term
Well-sorted sands tend to have (higher/lower) porosity and permeability
Definition
Higher
Term
Examples of poorly-sorted sediments include (2; not rocks)
Definition
Alluvial fan deposits
Glacial till
Term
Grain shape is described in terms of --- and ---
Definition
rounding of grain edges and sphericity
Term
These types of rock have well rounded clasts
Definition
Conglomerate
Term
In grain shape, if the particles are angular, the rock is a --
Definition
Glacial till
Term
Rounding results from --- against other particles and grain impact during transport
Definition
abrasion
Term
--- can provide information about the environmental conditions under which the sediment was deposited.
Definition
Sedimentary structures
Term
--- - is layering or bedding
Definition
Stratification
Term
The grain size in a graded bed is --- at the bottom and --- at the top.
Definition
coarser
finer
Term
are undulations of the sediment surface produced as wind or water moves across sand.
Definition
Ripple marks
Term
--- are produced by waves or oscillating water.
Definition
Symmetric ripple marks
Term
--- form in unidirectional currents (such as in streams or rivers).
Definition
Asymmetric ripples
Term
--- are depressions or erosional features formed as a current flows across a bed of sand.
Definition
Scour marks
Term
Type of rock that has 25% or more feldspar
Definition
Arkose
Term
Rock that has about 30% dark fine-grained matrix
Definition
Graywacke
Term
The type of sandstone that includes: quartz, muscovite, chert, and other rock fragments; But it has less than 15% matrix.
Definition
Lithic sandstone
Term
Sandstone classification that has a long time in the depositional basin, has a tectonically stable setting, and has shallow environments
Definition
Quartz sandstone
Term
sandstone classification that has a short time in the depositional basin, found in an arid climate, and has tectonic activity
Definition
Arkose
Term
Sandstone classification that a tectonically active source area and basin, and rapid erosion
Definition
Graywacke
Term
Calcite and Aragonite are types of --- rocks
Definition
Limestone
Term
Dolostone and Limestone are characterized as what type of rock
Definition
Carbonate rocks
Term
Most carbonate rocks form in what type of environment
Definition
shallow marine environment
Term
Warm, shallow, and clear water are characteristics of what kind of environment
Definition
Marine carbonate
Term
--- are tiny spheres composed of concentrically laminated calcium carbonate.
Definition
ooids
Term
Forms when magnesium in sea water replaces calcium in calcium carbonate in a limestone.
Definition
dolomite
Term
Kaolinites, smectites, and Illites are types of --- minerals
Definition
Clay
Term
In clay minerals, the weathering product of feldspar
Definition
Kaolinites
Term
In clay minerals, --- may contain magnesium, calcium, and/or sodium ions
Definition
Smectites
Term
the major clay mineral in ancient shales
Definition
Illites
Term
Clays and shales typically indicate (high/low) energy environments
Definition
low
Term
Very fine-grained rock composed of clay, mud, and silt
Definition
Shale
Term
term used meaning that it splits readily into thin, flat layers
Definition
Fissile
Term
A very fine-grained rock composed of tiny (less than 1/256 mm) clay minerals, mica, and quartz grains.
Definition
Claystone
Term
Rocks with both silt and clay
Definition
mudstones and mudshales
Term
The smallest lithostratigraphic rock unit is the ---
Definition
bed
Term
A --- is defined as a body of sedimentary, extrusive igneous, metasedimentary, or metavolcanic strata which is distinguished on the basis of its --- characteristics
Definition

lithostratigraphic unit

lithological

Term
The term --- is lithologically homogenous, distinct, traceable, named, and are different from other rock units above and below.
Definition
Formation
Term
Subdivisions within formations are called ---
Definition
members
Term
A set of similar or related formations is called a ---
Definition
group
Term
The characteristics of a particular rock unit, which we can use to interpret the depositional environment.
Definition
Facies
Term
sea level-rise is called a ---
Definition
transgression
Term
The branch of geology that deals with the correlation of rock units from one area to another is known as ---
Definition
stratigraphy
Term
--- correlation - Matching up rock units on the basis of age equivalence, as determined by radioactive dating methods or fossils
Definition
Chronostratigraphic
Term
--- - Matching up rock units on the basis of the fossils they contain.
Definition
Biostratigraphic correlation
Term
--- - Matching up rock units on the basis of their composition, texture, color, etc. and stratigraphic position.
Definition
Lithostratigraphic correlation
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