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Geology 101 Notescards
Ch. 5
38
Geology
Undergraduate 1
06/07/2012

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Term
aa flow
Definition
type of lava flow that has a jagged blocky surface
Term
block lavas
Definition
lava having a surface of angular blocks associated with material having andesitic and rhyolitic compositions
Term
caldera
Definition
large depression typically caused by collapse or ejection of the summit area of a volvano
Term
Cinder cone
Definition
small volcano built primarly of ejected lava fragments that consists of pea to walnut size lapilla
Term
Composite cone
Definition
a volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material
Term
Conduit
Definition
pipelike opening through which magma moves towards earth surface. It terminates at a surface opening called a vent
Term
continental volcanic arc
Definition
mountains formed in part by ingenous activity associated with the subduction of oceanic lithosphere beneath a continent
Term
Crater
Definition
depression at the summit of a volcano, or that which is produced by meterotie impact
Term
Eruption Column
Definition
buoyant plumes of hot, ash-laden gases that can extend thousands of meters into the atmosphere
Term
Fissure
Definition
a crack in roce along which there is a distinct seperation
Term
Fissure eruption
Definition
an eruption in which lava is extruded from narrow fractures or cracks in the crust
Term
Flood basalt
Definition
flows of basalt ;ava that issue from numerous cracks or fissures amd commonly cover extensive areas to thickness of hundered of meters
Term
Fumarole
Definition
went in a volcanic area from which fumes or gases escape
Term
guyots
Definition
a submurged, flat top seamount
Term
hot spot
Definition
concentration of heat in the mantle, capable of producing magma that in turn extrudes onto earths surface. The intraplate volcanism that produced the Hawaiian Islands is one example
Term
Intraplate Volcanism
Definition
igneous activity that occurs within a tectonic plate away from plate boundaries
Term
Island Arc
Definition
a chain of volcanic islands generally located a few hundred kilometers from a trench where there is active subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another.
Term
Lahar
Definition
debris flows on the slopes of volcanoes that result when unstable layers of ash and debris become saturated and flow downslope, usually following stream channels.
Term
Lava Dome
Definition
a bulbous mass associated with an old-age volcano, produced when thick lava is slowly squeezed from the vent. may act as plugs to deflect subsequent gaseous eruptions
Term
Lava tube
Definition
tunnel in hardened lava that acts as a horizontal conduit for lava flowing from a volcanic vent. allow fluid lavas to advance great distances
Term
Mantle Plume
Definition
a mass of hotter-than-normal mantle material that ascends toward the surface, where it may lead to igneous activity
Term
Nuee Ardente
Definition
incandescent volcanic debris in an avalanche fashion
Term
Pahoechoe Flow
Definition
a lava flow with a smooth-to-ropy surface
Term
Parastic cone
Definition
a volcanic cone that forms on the flack of a larger volcano
Term
Pipe
Definition
a vertical conduit through which magmatic materials have passed
Term
Pumice
Definition
A light-colored, glassy vesicular rock commonly having a granitic compostion
Term
Pyroclastic Flow
Definition
a highly heated mixture, largely of ash and pumice fragments, traveling down the flanks of a volcano or along the surface of the ground
Term
Pyroclastic Material
Definition
the volcanic rock ejected during an eruption. pyroclastics include ash, bombs, and blocks
Term
Scoria
Definition
vesicular ejecta that is the product of basaltic magma
Term
Scoria Cone
Definition
a rather small volcano built primarily of ejected lava fragments that consist mostly of pea-to walnut-sized lapilli
Term
Shield Volcano
Definition
a broad, gently sloping volcano built from fluid basaltic lavas
Term
Stratovolcano
Definition
a volcano composed of both lava flows and pyroclastic material
Term
Vent
Definition
the surface opening of a conduit or pipe
Term
Viscosity
Definition
a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow
Term
Volcanic Island Arc
Definition
a chain of volcanic islands generally located a few hundred kilometers from a trench where there is active subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another.
Term
Volcanic Neck
Definition
an isloated, steep-sided, erosional remnant consisting of lava that once occupied the vent of a volcano.
Term
Volcano
Definition
a mountain formed from lava and/or pyroclastics
Term
Volatiles
Definition
Gaseous components of magma dissolved in the melt. readily vaporize at surface pressures
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