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Definition
| Went on four year expedition funded by the British to map the sea. It was fully equipped with sounding rope and sampling equipment |
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Definition
-Rich in Magnesium(Mg) and Iron(Fe)
-Heavier |
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Definition
-Rich in Aluminum(Al) and Silicon(Si)
-Lighter |
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Definition
| Similar to the way a glacier slides over the underlying rock, Alfred Wegener's theory that the continental crust slid over the oceanic crust |
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Definition
-One of key developers of radiometric dating
-Proposed sea floor spreading as the cause of mid oceanic ridges and the formation of the sea floor |
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Definition
-The history of magnetic polarity
-Shows that magnetic reversals occurred at irregular intervals |
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Definition
| Founded the theory of plate tectonics |
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Term
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Definition
| The zone in which rocks are rigid and deform brittlely. (Crust and upper mantle) |
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Definition
| A thin region of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere in which rock is partially molten. In this region, ductile deformation is particularly pronounced. |
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Definition
| When old oceanic crust dives underneath adjacent plates |
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Definition
Average: 150km
Thinnest: 10km |
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Term
| Types of Plate Boundaries |
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Definition
-Divergent: Plates are pulling away from eachother forming new oceanic crust (sea floor spreading zone)
-Convergent: Boundaries where plates move together. Results in oceanic crust subducting.
-Transform:Boundaries where plates slide past eachother |
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Term
| Plate tectonics explains... |
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Definition
Distribution of
-Earthquakes
-Volcanoes
-Mountains
-Ridges
-Trenches |
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Term
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Definition
Mountain building events:
-Peripheral: Oceanic crust subducting under leading edge of continent
-Interior: Collision of continents |
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Definition
| Areas of frequent volcanic activity caused by mantle plumes. As plates slide over hot spot, results in chains of islands. |
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Definition
-Moving rigid lithospheric plates
-Volcanic activity concentrated at plate boundaries and hot spots
-Dichotomy between continental and oceanic crust yields bimodal hyspography
-Resurfacing by plate tectonics results in destruction of impact craters, which are scarce. |
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Term
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Definition
-Widespread volcanic activity during early history but is now "dead"
-Lithosphere extends down to core
Impact cratering and volcanism
-Mantle may be exposed in some impact basins
-Depleted in volatiles so eruptions are effusive |
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Definition
-Similar surface dichotomy to moon, but has oversized core
-Cracks and ridges point to physical shrinking of planet as it cooled |
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Definition
Dichotomy between crater saturated highlands in Southern hemisphere and low lying, relatively young northern hemisphere planes
-No current plate tectonics
-Lithosphere is considerably thicker |
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Term
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Definition
-Clear lithospheric movement but no subduction zones or plate boundaries
-Solid lithosphere on top of molten asthenosphere causes two regions to overturn like tilling soil
-High temperature and pressure resulting in less explosive eruptions and smaller plinial convection but extensive lava flows |
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Term
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Definition
-Subjected to greater tidal forces than anything in the solar system causing extensive tidal heating
-Constant volcanic activity
-No known impact craters, the result of volcanic resurfacing
-Iron and sulfur rich core, silicate mantle, thin lithosphere
-Mostly shallow sloping shield volcanoes
-Sulfur compounds responsible for crazy color scheme |
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Definition
-Metallic core and rocky mantle
Topography consists of: Rare impact craters, lines, small domes and depressions, and regions of chaotically fractured ice.
-Theory that icy mantle might be molten |
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Definition
Similar to Europa (subsurface liquid water)
"Large fossilized version of Europa" |
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Term
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Definition
| Exhibits similar deep layer of liquid salt water beneath crust like Europa and Ganymede |
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Definition
-Silicate metallic core
-Icy mantle and crust consisting of high pressure ice causing shrinking over time.
-Icy version of Mercury |
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Definition
| Rocks that form through the solidification of magma |
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Definition
| The eruption of magma onto a planets surface |
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Definition
| A graph of the relationship between temperature and depth |
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Term
| Factors influencing melting point |
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Definition
-Temperature
-Pressure
-Volatiles |
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Term
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Definition
| When rocks undergo decompression without losing their heat |
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Term
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Definition
| The addition of volatile substances like water or CO2 lowers melting point |
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Term
| Where does magma form on Earth? |
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Definition
-Mid-ocean ridges
-Mantle plumes
-Subduction zones |
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Term
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Definition
Rich in iron and magnesium
-Oceanic crust |
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Definition
Rich in silica
-Continental crust |
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Term
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Definition
| As a rock with mixed composition heats up, different parts melt at different temperatures and the first to melt move away from the source rock. This explains why peridotite does not solidify as peridotite |
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Term
| Fractional crystallization |
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Definition
The opposite of fractional melting:
Substances with the highest melting points crystallize first, leaving a felsic rich magma |
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Term
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Definition
| As mafic magmas move through the continental crust, they melt felsic minerals first, resulting in them being incorporated into the magma flow (eg Granite) |
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Term
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Definition
| Larger magma chambers tend to retain most of their original composition, whereas smaller ones tend to pick up a higher concentration of crust material |
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Term
| Common minerals in Igneous rocks |
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Definition
-Olivine
-Pyroxine
-Amphibole
-Plagioclase Feldspar
-Muscovite
-Bioite
-Quartz
-Orthoclase feldspar |
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Term
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Definition
Igneous rock that is formed by the cooling of magma below the surface
-Large crystals |
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Term
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Definition
Igneous rock formed by the cooling of magma on the surface
-Small crystals |
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Term
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Definition
Rich in orthoclase and quarts
-Granite (Intrusive)
-Rhyolite (Extrusive) |
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Term
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Definition
-Diorite (Intrusive)
-Andesite (Extrusive) |
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Term
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Definition
Rich in Ma and Fe
-Gabbro (Intrusive)
-Basalt (Extrusive) |
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Term
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Definition
-Peridotite (Intrusive)
-Komatiite (Extrusive) |
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Term
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Definition
Felsic: Very viscous, lower melting point
Mafic: Less viscous, higher melting point |
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Term
| Effect of volatiles in magma |
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Definition
| The "wetter" the magma, the more explosive the eruption, because water vapor leaves solution |
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Term
| Mafic flow characteristics |
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Definition
Pahoehoe: Ropy lava
Aa: Jagged lava
Pillow basalts
Vesicular basalts
Cinders: Acorn size fragments resulting from eruption and cooling in midair |
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Term
| Felsic/Intermediate flow characteristics |
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Definition
-Lava domes
-Volcanic ash
-Welded tuff (Solidified ash) |
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Term
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Definition
Shield: Large, with gentle slopes
Cinder-cone: Small, consisting of basaltic cylinders
Composite: Medium to large, usually steep sided. Solidified lava protects underlying features from erosion |
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Term
| Structures associated with volcanoes |
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Definition
-Crater: Pit or depression at summit
-Caldera: Large basin resulting form collapse of volcano after magma withdraws
-Lava tubes: Tubes formed when active flows skin over and lava continues to flow out roofing the tube |
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Term
| Styles of volcanic eruption |
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Definition
Effusive eruption: Low viscosity, basaltic lava
Fissure eruption: Basaltic lava erupting from a fissure rather than a point source
Flood basalts: Build up thick plateau of basalt
Rhyolitic to andesitic eruptions: Explosive, produces alot of ash. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a cloud of ash and hot gasses traps a layer of air beneath it and slides downhill |
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Term
| Volcano-water interactions |
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Definition
Fumaroles: Places where groundwater is heated to boiling and escapes as steam
-Geysers: When groundwater is heated to the point where it produces sufficient pressure to "erupt" from the surface |
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Term
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Definition
When heat of the eruption creates a rising column of tephra laden air, resulting in widespread ash fall
Column eventually collapses under its weight as it cools |
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Term
| Zones of plinian eruption |
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Definition
-Gas thrust region: Gas and ash ascend due to pressure of expanding volatiles
-Convective ascent region: Gas and ash rises due to contrast in temp with surrounding air
-Momentum driven ascent
-Neutral density level: Umbrella that forms at top of eruption plume |
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Term
| Factors that control a plinian column's height |
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Definition
-Density of surrounding air
-Temperature contrast
-Mass eruption rate of the magma
Max height = constant of proportionality(Mass eruption rate*Temperature contrast)^(1/4) |
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Term
| Parameters concerning volcanism |
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Definition
-Gravity
-Atmospheric Density
-Surface temperature |
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Term
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Definition
-Buoyancy of magma
-Emergence of gases from solution
-Lava flow thickness
-Plinian convection columns |
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Term
| Atmospheric density affects... |
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Definition
-emergence of gases from solution
-Plinian convection columns |
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Term
| Surface temperature affects... |
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Definition
-Change in Temperature between erupting gases and surrounding air
-Cooling rate |
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Term
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Definition
Water replaces magma as the erupting substance.
Active cryovolcanism on Ganymede, Titan, and Miranda |
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Term
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Definition
| Domes or craters that look like volcanic craters but do not connect to any magma flows. Formed when laval flows over water features and steam explosion breaks through the lava creating a cone |
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Term
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Definition
Exhibits cryovolcanism and nitrogen geysers driven by sunlight.
Sunlight passes through translucent layer of nitrogen ice, heating the nitrogen beneath it and causing to revert to gaseous state and erupt |
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