Term
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Definition
-complex motion
-slowest velocity |
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Term
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Definition
-push/pull motion
-travels through solids, liquids, gases
-greatest velocity of all earthquake waves |
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Term
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Definition
'shake' motion
-travels only through solids
-slower velocity of all earthquake waves |
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Term
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Definition
| study of earthquake waves |
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Term
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Definition
earthquake recording instrument
-records movement of Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| the record that comes from a seismograph |
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Term
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Definition
| the place within Earth where earthquake waves originate |
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Term
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Definition
| the point above the focus where the earthquake waves originate |
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Term
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Definition
-introduced by Charles Richter in 1935
-based on amplitude of the largest seismic wave
-each unit of Richter magnitude equates to roughly a 32-fold energy increase
-does not estimate adequately the size of very large earthquakes |
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Term
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Definition
-saturated material turns fluid
-underground objects may float to surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-thin, rocky outer layer
-varies in thickness
-roughly 5 miles in oceanic regions
-upper crust made up of granite
-ocean crust made up of basalt
-crust average is 25 miles |
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Term
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Definition
| composition of uppermost mantle is the igneous rock peridotite (changes at greater depth) |
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Term
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Definition
-a sphere having a radius of 3486 km
-composed of an iron-nickel alloy |
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Term
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Definition
-crust and uppermost mantle
-cool,rigid,solid |
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Term
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Definition
-beneath lithosphere
-play dough material
-soft, weak, easily deformed
-upper mantle |
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Term
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Definition
-lower mantle
-more rigid layer
-very hot rocks and capable of gradual flow |
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Term
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Definition
-liquid layer
-2270 km thick
-convective flow of metallic iron within generates Earth's magnetic field
-S waves stop when they hit outer core |
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Term
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Definition
-sphere with a radius of 1216 km
-behaves like a solid |
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Term
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Definition
three station recordings are needed to locate an epicenter
-circle equal to the epicenter distance is drawn around each station
-point where three circles intersect is the epicenter |
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Term
| continental drift hypothesis |
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Definition
super continent drifted apart 200 million years ago
-continents drifted to present positions
-continents broke through oceans crust |
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Term
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Definition
-first proposed hypothesis, 1915
-published The Origin of Continents and Oceans |
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Term
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Definition
| a super continent that broke apart 200 million years ago. |
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Term
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Definition
(constructive margins)
-two plates move apart
-mantle material up-wells to create new seafloor |
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Term
| convergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
(destructive margins)
-plates collide, and ocean trench forms and lithosphere is subducted into the mantle |
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Term
| oceanic-continental convergence |
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Definition
-denser oceanic slab sinks into the athenosphere
-pockets of magma develop and rise
-continental volcanic arcs form
-examples include the Andes mountains |
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Term
| oceanic-oceanic convergence |
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Definition
-two oceanic slabs converge and one descends beneath the other
-often forms volcanoes on the ocean floor
-volcanic islands arcs forms as volcanoes emerge from the sea
-examples include Japan |
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Term
| continental-continental convergence |
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Definition
when subducting plates contain continental material, two continents collide
-can produce new mountain ranges such as the Himalayas |
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Term
| types of divergent plate boundaries |
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Definition
-ocean ridges
-seafloor speading |
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Term
| transform fault boundaries |
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Definition
-plates slide past each other
-no new crust is made or destroyed
-examples include San Andreas fault |
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Term
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Definition
| bid, almost all lava that comes out, broad, quietest eruption, flat mountain-like |
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Term
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Definition
| almost all pyroclastic,tiny,quiet eruption, steep sides |
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Term
| stratovolcano (composite) |
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Definition
| mix of lava/pyroclastic, pretty bif, violent eruptions, steep sides |
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Term
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Definition
200 times more eruption debris than any other volcano
-Toba, Yosemite
-underground. weather changing, demographics changing |
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Term
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Definition
| molten rock originating deep within the planet rises to the surface to produce 'hot spot' volcanoes |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures
e.g., Columbia Plateau |
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Term
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Definition
| An underground igneous body |
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Term
| Types of igneous intrusive features:Dike |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of igneous intrusive features:Sill |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| parallel to features such as sedimentary strata |
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Term
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Definition
| cuts across existing structures |
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Term
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Definition
Steep walled depression at the summit
Formed by collapse
Nearly circular
Size exceeds one kilometer in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure of a material's resistance to flow |
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Term
High viscosity means more resistant to flow
Slower movement |
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Definition
Thicker liquid
High silica – high viscosity (e.g., rhyolitic lava)
aa lava |
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Term
Low viscosity means less resistance to flow
Faster movement |
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Definition
Thinner liquid
Low silica – more fluid (e.g., basaltic lava)
pahoehoe lava |
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