Term
| What is a continental glacier? |
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Definition
| has ice completely covering it, flows from center outward. |
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Term
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Definition
| area larger than 50,000 km squared |
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Term
| What is an alpine glacier? |
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Definition
| It moves within a valley. caused bc of high altitude. most are being threatened by global warming, aka valley glaciera. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sharp divides bw glacial valleys |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formation of iceburgs; the glacier touches warm water and gets broken |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of sediment by particles carried within the flow. in the case of glaciers, it works as sandpaper. |
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Term
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Definition
| glacial sediments, poorly sorted, angular |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment from glacier erosion; reworked from by meltwater |
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Term
| what is a lateral moraine? |
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Definition
| sediment carried on the side of a glacier |
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Term
| what is a medial moraine? |
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Definition
| material carried at the center of a glacier |
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Term
| What energy resource is typically associated with acid rain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a breeder reactor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hazardous solution is used to seperate gold from mineral where it's contained? |
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Definition
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Term
| What environmental impact is related to the smelting of sulfide ores? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a vetifact? Where are they formed? |
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Definition
| Rock formed by wind abrasion |
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Term
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Definition
| spraying a fine-grained pile of rock to extract gold using sodium cyanide |
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Term
| What is always involved in chemical weathering? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are sedimentary deposits? |
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Definition
| banded iron formations. chemically precipitated. appears layered. contains iron. |
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Term
| How did the banded formations (of sedimentary deposits) form? |
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Definition
| Fe oxides and hydroxides. |
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Term
| What is the ore for aluminum. (very strong, light, doesn't rust)(good for building, airplanes) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| dark-colored rocks, cancerous. great insulators; come in fibers you can weave into fabric. |
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Term
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Definition
1. needle-like- amphibole. needles get stuck in lungs, foster growth of cancer.
2. sheet-like- chrystotile. not been linked to cancer, except in cases of high exposure. |
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Term
| What mineral makes steel strong? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you find in stainless steel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the conditions for a glacier to form? |
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Definition
-5 degrees celcius, more precipitation (leads to accumulation of excess snow)
-continental glaciers require high altitude |
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Term
| Name external causes of glacier formation |
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Definition
-variations in solar radiation
-variations in the earth's orbital path
-cycles |
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Term
| How do glaciers do at sorting? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rock planed off by wind abrasion |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of loose sediments, leaving big rocks, with little ones stuck underneath |
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Term
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Definition
| hard. because of calcium carbonate, i think. |
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Term
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Definition
| side of a sand dune facing away from wind; steeper. |
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Term
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Definition
| layers the sediments in a dune get deposited. they are vertical, ish at least. |
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Term
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Definition
| deposition of wind-blown silt. rich in nutrients. |
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Term
| how is loess transported? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is silt used for good? |
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Definition
| farming; high in soluble nutrients, porous (holds moisture) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| silt becomes really compacted when wet. this is why no good for foundations |
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Term
| How do deserts form near the sea? |
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Definition
| clouds get thirsty when they're hot (over deserts) but when they're cold over sea they let loose. |
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Term
| How did Atacama desert form? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the Andes mts in south america form? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 deserts formed because of atmospheric circulation |
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Definition
| sahara, namib, australian |
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Term
| How did Gobi desert form? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does desertification occur in the Us? |
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Definition
| excessive livestock grazing, loss of fertility, groundwater overuse |
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Term
| what are the factors of permeability and porosity? |
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Definition
grain size (the finer, the less porous)
rounded/angular (rounded more space)
well-sorted- more porous and permeable
texture- crystalline no good
shales also are bad |
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Term
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Definition
| develops at time of rock formation; originates simultaneously with rock |
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Term
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Definition
| acquired after the rock formation by dissolution or fracturing (often bc of acid rain) |
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Term
| how's the por/perm of clay minerals and micas? |
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Definition
| high porosity but low permeability |
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Term
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Definition
| Height water would reach if unconfined because of its own pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| (layered intrusion) dense minerals such as chromite, magnetite. accumulate at the bottom of a magma chamber by gravity. concentrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to bring diamonds to the surface. important for mining. |
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Term
| how and when do hydrothermal ores appear? |
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Definition
| disseminated within or forming veins around intrusives |
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Term
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Definition
| marine microorganisms that were buried fast. |
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Term
| where do you usually find oil and natural gas? Porque? |
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Definition
| near continental margins, because there sediments are abundant to bury dead things quickly |
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Term
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Definition
| mixture of unequal type hydrocarbon compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound consisting of, you guessed it. |
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Term
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Definition
| seperation of oil into different hydrocarbons |
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Term
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Definition
| breakup of large HC molecules to obtain lighter ones |
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Term
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Definition
| they migrate from source rock to reservoir rock |
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Term
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Definition
| fine grained, low permeability, dark-colored |
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Term
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Definition
| often sandstone, porous and permeable, oil displaces water and floats on top. needs to be trapped by impermeable rock. |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of oil traps? |
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Definition
| structural and stratigraphic |
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Term
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Definition
| formed after the rock by faults, folds, salt domes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rock that's really porous |
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Term
| How does it work when you pump oil? |
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Definition
at first- little pumping required, gushes out fast, a lot of pressure.
as it discharges- pressure falls, eventually you need to pump water in to make it go up. |
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Term
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Definition
| pump water in, oil comes out. can only take 1/3 bc oil is stuck to edges of poral spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| exploiting the deposit beyond primary and secondary recovery. can extract 40% of original oil by imcreasing permeability. |
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Term
| Geopressurized natural gas |
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Definition
| gas dissolved in deep hot brines. |
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Term
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Definition
| methane ices contained in deep sea sediment and permafrost |
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Term
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Definition
| not shale, not oil. made from kerogen |
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Term
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Definition
| waxy solid from plants, algae, bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| another type of fossil fuel. sed rock, organogenic. produced by burial of plant debri in swamps |
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Term
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Definition
| type of coal; crumbly, organic, porous. we use it to make our soil better. |
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Term
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Definition
coal+steam= gas.
less heating power than natural gas |
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Term
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Definition
| inserting gas into whatever to heat up stuff and push it out. useful to mine very thin beds |
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Term
| What does sulfuric acid do? |
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Definition
-affect plant growth
-dissolves calcite (of rocks) |
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Term
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Definition
1. remove topsoil
2. remove overburden and pot it in spoil banks
3. remove coal (there's a gaping pit)
4. reclamation |
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Term
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Definition
1. return materials of spoil banks to fill pit
2. level the land
3. return top soil
4. seed and water native vegetation until plants establish |
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Term
| What element is used for fission? |
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Definition
| Uranium 235. chain reaction. |
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Term
| what is the source of uranium for fission? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's up with nuclear fuel plants? |
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Definition
-need to be near city to avoid transmission losses
-near water to cool down, steam
-away from fault zones |
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Term
| Why is mining for graphite (uranium) bad? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the raw material for nuclear weapons and dirty bombs? |
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Definition
| plutonium (causes radiation) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2+ atomic nuclei combine to form a larger one, releasing energy |
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Term
| What is one type of energy we know about but have never obtained on earth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| solar electricity (satelites) |
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Term
| What's the problem with photovoltaic cells? |
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Definition
| the materials coating the mirrors may be toxic. |
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Term
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Definition
| energy from magma heating groundwater |
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Term
| geopressurized natural gas |
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Definition
there's been no experimentation.
energy is extracted from methane gas dissolved in brines at great depth. to make energy- burn the gas, extract the heat |
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Term
| problem with geopressurized natural gas? |
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Definition
| drilling that deep is difficult and costly, brine disposal is needed. |
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Term
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Definition
| COULD produce 20% of energy in US by 2030 IF developed. |
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Term
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Definition
| energy derived from recent living organisms |
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Term
| OTHER biomass used as energy |
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Definition
-burning crops from plant waste
-burning urban refuse (GARBAGE) |
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Term
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Definition
from burning garbage- produces gases- smelly, toxic... METHANE to produce energy!
-landfills, feed lots, sewage ALL PRODUCE METHANE |
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Term
| Largest producer of garbage in US? |
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Definition
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Term
| top of landfill, when full |
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Definition
| covering, to prevent gasses or toxic substances from escaping. layer of compacted clay |
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Term
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Definition
| waste can be used for electricity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| TRUE: desert pavement is formed by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| unsorted glacial sediment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| zone in which the world's largest deserts are located |
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Definition
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Term
| glacial flow is measured in |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ore deposit yields aluminum? |
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Definition
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Term
| fossil fuels are found in what type of rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are gasification and liquifaction for? |
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Definition
| convert coal to more versatile fuel |
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Term
| How is oil shale extracted? |
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Definition
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Term
| breeder reactors would provide a renewable supply of energy for |
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Definition
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Term
| Waste disposal is a big problem for which type of energy source? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the US the bulk of the uranium deposits are found in |
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Definition
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Term
| what greenhouse gas is formed within sanitary landfills? |
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Definition
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