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| observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, evaluate, theory |
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| 2% crust, 82% mantle, 16% core |
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| movement of cool dense matter lower than the hot less dense materials. only happens with fluid movement and there must be a heat source and gravity |
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| plates move away from each other creating mid ocean ridges, rifts, and shallow centered earth quakes |
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| plates move towards each other, creates volcanos and earthquakes |
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| plates slide past each other generally making earthquakes |
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| heat transfer by vibrating molecules, hot object touching cold |
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| is region of mantle that is weak and ductile |
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| is region of mantle that behaves as solid bodies but not as brittle |
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| small spheres made of mostly olivine and thought to make up the early condensate of our solar system |
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| means the bigger the body the stronger the attraction |
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| as the earth grows is causes accreted chondrules to move toward the center of the earth |
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stony- most abundant
chondrites- achondrites, eucrites
pallisites
irons- most commonly found |
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crust- euchrites
mantle- 90% chondrites, 10% pallisites
core- 20% pallisites, 80% irons |
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| 20% of the earth’s heat is primordial |
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| the geotherm increases by about 20 C/km in the crust |
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| the temp at the earth’s core is about 5700 C, therefore the average geotherm of the whole earth in less than 1 C/km |
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| the geobar increases by about 333 bars/km |
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| the pressure at the earth’s core is about 3,500,000 bars so the average geobar of the whole earth is about 550 bars/km |
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| minerals are naturally occurring, crystalline, elements or compounds |
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| amphorous lacks orderly arrangement |
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| crystalline has a design or pattern |
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kingdom- all minerals
family- minerals share major common chemical similarities
group- minerals of different composition that share a common structure/formula
series- minerals in a group that form solid solution
species- a unique combination of composition (specific chemical formula)
varieties- used in gem trade to give names to gem materials |
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| minerals grow when ions are dissolved in a nutrient solution begin to attach to one another, the cluster of ions grow to form a unit cell, which contains all the chemical structures, attraction of ions |
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| defective structures are holes in crystal structure or the wrong size (or charge) of ion |
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| covalent > ionic > metallic > van der walls |
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brittle- snaps when broken
malleable- hammered into sheets
ductile- drawn into wires
flexible- can be bent
sectile- gouges when scratched |
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| (Mg, Fe)2SiO4, most abundant, light green because low amounts of iron, has no cleavage |
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| (Ca, Mg, Fe)SiO3, usually black but can be dark green or brown in thin slivers, abundant in the mantle and make half of the oceanic crust, usually distinguished by dark colors, vitreous luster, and 2 directions of good cleavage, most common forms are Augite (Mg and Fe rich, less Ca) or diapside (Ca rich, low Mg and Fe) |
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| CaAl2Si2O8 (Anorthite), NaAlSi3O8 (Albite), KAlSi3O8 (Microcline, orthoclase), brick-like appearance and color (pink, red, brown, grey, white) and brick like cleavage, most abundant in the earth’s crust |
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