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GEOL 101 Midterm 1
formation of solar system thru intro to minerals
80
Geology
Undergraduate 1
04/24/2012

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Term
Big bang
Definition
universe exploded and continues to expand
Term
galaxies
Definition
swirling clumps of stars
Term
fusion
Definition
collisions of fast moving, close atoms in a star create heavier elements
Term
supernova explosion
Definition
all materials in a star blow up (H, He, heavier elements); form 2nd generation stars from debris
Term
2nd gen stars
Definition
created by supernova explosions; contain elements heavier than Fe
Term
solar system formation
Definition
1. supernova explosion
2. gravity pulls in debris, forms swirling mass of gas
3. planetary nebula forms
4. materials clump and cool to form planets
Term
how old is earth
Definition
4.6 byo
Term
what caused iron catastrophe
Definition
melting
Term
crust is made up of
Definition
granite
Term
mantle is made up of
Definition
peridotite
Term
core is made up of
Definition
iron
Term
as pressure increases, so does
Definition
melting point
Term
why is there molten outer core and solid inner core
Definition
molten outer because iron has low mp, solid inner because pressure wins vs temp
Term
asthenosphere
Definition
100km to 350 km; plastic mantle
Term
lithosphere
Definition
upper rigid mantle and crust; plates
Term
andesite
Definition
continental crust; fine grained, igneous, extrusive
Term
basalt
Definition
oceanic crust; fine grained, w/olivine, extrusive
Term
gabbro
Definition
intrusive basalt; coarse grained
Term
mantle convection
Definition
heat generated by radioactive decay moves around mantle
Term
spreading center
Definition
diversion; convection cells move apart, creates rift valley and basalts erupt
Term
hot springs
Definition
ocean water sinks down into fractures, heats up and rises
Term
mid ocean ridges at spreading centers
Definition
mid-atlantic ridge, east pacific rise, indo-autralian ridge
Term
continental rifting
Definition
spreading center under continent; forms rift faults and valleys
Term
subduction zones
Definition
oceanic crust being subducted under oceanic or continental crust; oceanic crust melts forming adesite magma
Term
what do subduction zones create
Definition
deep ocean trenches, accretionary edges from scraping, forearc basic , volcanic arc
Term
continental collision
Definition
subducting oceanic plate under continental causes cont-cont collision, forming high mountains
Term
transform faults
Definition
plates moving in opposite directions between spreading centers
Term
fixed hot spots
Definition
not at plate boundary; form over rising mantle plumes forming volcanic chain of islands like hawaii
Term
ridge push
Definition
new oceanic plate slides down side of spreading center
Term
slab pull
Definition
cold dense oceanic crust into hot mantle
Term
stress
Definition
applied deforming force
Term
strain
Definition
measure of deformation from stress
Term
focus
Definition
place where rupture takes place
Term
epicenter
Definition
place on earths surface over focus
Term
what carries the strain energy that's released
Definition
seismic waves
Term
body waves
Definition
p and s waves
Term
surface waves
Definition
long wave-side to side shearing
Raleigh wave- up and down rolling
Term
p wave
Definition
longitudinal; displacement and propagation in same direction; side to side; arrive up down
Term
s wave
Definition
transverse; displacement perpendicular to propagation; up and down; shear; arrive side2side
Term
seismograph
Definition
machine
Term
seismogram
Definition
data; measures ground motion
Term
triangulation
Definition
using 3 seismic centers to determine epicenter
Term
magnitude (M) =
Definition
log (amplitude A/ period T)
Term
seismic hazards
Definition
ground displacement, landslides, pancaking buildings, freeways collapse, tsunamis
Term
good earthquake construction
Definition
cross beams, flexible steel frame, rollers
Term
earthquake foci increase in depth away from a
Definition
trench
Term
earthquakes happen along
Definition
descending slab being subducted
Term
core can't transmit ____ waves because it is liquid
Definition
s
Term
elastic deformation
Definition
strain= stress, reversible
Term
ductile deformation
Definition
strain>stress, irreversible, bending
Term
brittle deformation
Definition
stress>rupture strength, irreversible, breaking
Term
strike format
Definition
N 45 E
Term
dip format
Definition
30 SE
Term
joints
Definition
fractures without motion
Term
faults
Definition
fractures with motion
Term
dip slip faults
Definition
motion is along dip of plane; normal and reverse
Term
normal fault
Definition
hanging wall moves down relative to footwall; happen because of tension at spreading centers, form horsts and grabens
Term
reverse fault
Definition
hanging wall moves up relative to footwall; happen because of compression at sub zones
Term
strike slip faults
Definition
motion is along strike of plane; shearing; called transform at plate boundaries
Term
oblique slip faults
Definition
part strike slip part dip slip
Term
anticline fold
Definition
folding up; older rock in center; dip away from center
Term
syncline fold
Definition
folds down; youngest rock in center; dip is towards center
Term
plunging anticline
Definition
forms u shape contacts in direction of plunge
Term
plunging syncline
Definition
forms u shaped contacts opposite of plunge
Term
domes
Definition
bullseye contact pattern, oldest rock in center
Term
basins
Definition
bullseye contact pattern, youngest rock in center
Term
monocline
Definition
both limbs lying flat; ductile deformation over brittle deformation
Term
mountains form by
Definition
folding compression at convergence
horsts and grabens by divergence/tension
volcanic eruptions
Term
isostatic rebound
Definition
erosion of mtn raises root in plastic mantle, but pushes mtn father down as well
Term
igneous rock
Definition
solidified magma; angular interlocking grains; granite
Term
sedimentary rock
Definition
compaction/cementation of sediment; rounded grains w/cement in between; conglomerate
Term
metamorphic rock
Definition
changed due to temp and pressure; angular interlocking grains with alignment or foliation; gneiss
Term
mineral
Definition
natural, inorganic, homogenous solid
definite but varying chem composition
crystal structure
Term
atomic number
Definition
number of protons
Term
atomic mass
Definition
protons + neutrons
Term
isotopes
Definition
same element and protons, different neutrons
Term
cation
Definition
+
Term
anion
Definition
-
Term
types of silicates
Definition
nesosilicate
chain silicate
band silicate
sheet silicate
framework silicate
Term
cleavage
Definition
tendency for a mineral to break in a pattern
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