exact place where a geographic feature is found (uses latitude and longitude)

location of a place compared to places around it

Location

Place

Region

Movement

Human-Interaction

projection on a flat surface, distorts shape and size

shows distance between 2 places

a projection onto a cone.  This projection shows shape fairly accurately, but it distorts the land masses at the edges 

looks at land masses extending over east and west

a projection on a cylinder--the entire earth on 1 map

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

a digital geographic database

Combines and displays information from many sources

the center of the earth; made up of iron, nickel

Outer core is liquid; inner core is solid

surrounds the core;

Has several layers contains most of the Earth's mass

molten rock that forms in the mantle

thin layer of rock at Earth's surface

is the layer of gases surrounding the earth:

Contains oxygen

Protects Earth from radiation, space debris

Is the medium for weather and climate

solid rock portion of earth's surface; forms ocean floor

water elements on Earth including atmospheric water

atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere combined

Plants and animals live within biosphere

1912 hypothesis of Alfred Wegener:

Earth once one supercontinent; Wegener calls it Pangaea, "all earth"

Pangaea splits into many plates that slowly drift apart

Sun and nine known planets

Comets-icy spheres orbiting the sun

Asteroids-large chunks of rocky material orbiting the sun

cycle of water between atmosphere, oceans, earth

Evaporation from the land pumps 17000 cubic miles of water into the atmosphere every year.  The water evaporates from the land itself and from plants.  Evaporation from oceans and other bodies of water sends 102000- cubic miles of water into the atmosphere

smaller rivers, streams that feed into larger ones

area drained by river and its tributaries

water held in the pores of rock

level at which the rock is saturated

naturally formed features on Earth's surface

sea floor from the continent's edge to deep ocean

Sea floor has ridges, valleys, canyons, plains, mountain ranges

Islands are formed by volcanoes, sand, or coral deposits

difference in landform elevation from lowest to highest point

Four categories of relief-mountains, hills, plains, plateaus

configurations and distribution of landforms

Topographic map shows vertical dimensions, relationship of landforms

Spreading or moving apart

Subduction or diving under another plate

Collision or crashing together

Sliding past each other in a shearing motion

occurs when pressure causes rock to fracture, or crack

occurs when plates grind or slip at a fault line

detects earthquakes and measures the waves they create

the point directly above focus on the earth's surface

a giant ocean wave, begins at epicenter of an earthquake

underground materials pour from crack in the earth's surface

Most volcanoes occur at tectonic plate boundaries

magma that has reached the earth's surface; may create landform

zone around rim of Pacific Ocean

kind of cylindrical map

shows entire map

The landforms at the top and bottom appear to be flat

shows entire earth

Distances are not correct

processes that alter rock on or near the earth's surface

Can change landscapes over time and create soil for plant life

mud, sand, silt created by weathering processes

processes that break rock into smaller pieces

Does not change rock's composition, only size

interaction of elements creates new substance

Warm moist climates produce more chemical weathering than cool dry

occurs when weathered material is moved by winds, water, ice, gravity

Movement grinds rock into smaller pieces, carries to new location

A river, deposits sediment at ocean,

wind blown silt and clay sediment: produces fertile soil

changing of landforms by slowly moving glaciers

large, long-lasting mass of ice, forms in mountainous areas

hill or ridge formed by rocks deposited by glacier

which is organic material in soil

marks beginning of summer, winter

Rays directly overhead at noon at furthest points north and south

marks the beginning of spring and autumn

Day and night are equal in length

weather conditions at one location over long a period

atmospheric conditions at a particular location and time

water droplets falling as rain, snow, sleet, hail

Convectional

Orthographic

Frontal

Form over warm, tropical ocean waters

Hit land with heavy rain high winds storm surge

a powerful funnel shaped column of spiraling air

Born from strong thunderstorms

Capable of immense damage

upward motion of air that transfers heat in atmosphere

winds push warm Pacific Ocean water toward the Americas

winds push warm waters toward Australia and Asia

the earth warms due to trapped solar energy

Tropical (low-latitude)

Dry

Mid-latitude

High-latitude

highland

flat treeless ring of lands; around the Arctic Ocean

Very little precipitation; summer temperatures around 40 degrees Fahrenheit

 constantly frozen subsoil found in this region

interdependent community of plants and animals

the ecosystem of a region

broadleaf trees; maple, oak, birch, cottonwood

Mostly in Northern Hemisphere

tropical forest covered with broadleaf trees

needle leaf trees; cone bearing; pine, fir, cedar

Mostly in northern hemisphere

a tropical grassland

 temperature grasslands of northern hemisphere

Knowledge attitudes, behaviors shared over generations

a group that shares geographic region, identity, culture

shares language, customs, common heritage

creating something new with existing resources

Spread of ideas, inventions, patterns of behavior

site of innovation origin of cultural diffusion

society changes because it accepts innovation

a version of a language

belief in supernatural power that made, maintains universe

Number of live births per thousand population

average, lifetime number of children born to a woman

Number of deaths per thousand people

deaths under age 1 per 1000 live births

rate of natural increase

figured by Subtracting the mortality rate from the birthrate

shows a population's sex, age distribution

Enables the study of how events affect population

2/3 of world's population lives between?

30 degrees north and 60 degrees north latitude

Reasons for migrating

average number of people living in an area

 the number of organisms an area can support

Affected by the fertility land, level of technology, economic prosperity

unified group with common culture living in a territory

A nation and state occupying same territory

citizens hold political power

Political power held by a king or queen

 a group or individual holds all political power

a government and economic system

Political, economic power held by government in people's name

 has no direct outlet to the sea

May limit prosperity, as shipping and trade bring wealth

the study of how people use space in cities

populous centers of business, culture, innovation, change

border central city, other suburbs

Central city plus its suburbs and exurbs

rise in number of cities, resulting lifestyle changes

core area of commercial activity

the production and exchange of good and services

way people produce and exchange goods, ser vices

Primary

Secondary

Tertiary

Quarternary

provides information, management, research services

earth's materials that have economic value

basic support systems to sustain economic growth

average earnings per person in a political unit

Total value of goods, services, produced by a country, globally

Total value of goods and services produced within a country