Term
|
Definition
The twisting, compressing, and extending of shapes and sounds; distorting them from reality
*all maps are distorted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area of any territory is shown in correct size proportion to other areas (i.e. Oblique Aitoff projection) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The emphasis is on showing shape corectly (i.e. Mercator projection) |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 characteristics of the meridians of longitude |
|
Definition
1) They intersect at the poles and are furthest apart at the equator (1'=111km)
2) They run north-south but measure east-west
3) 0' longitude is the Prime Meridian
4) 180' longitude is the International Date Line
5) The Prime Meridian divides the planet into eastern and western hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 characteristics of the parallels of latitude |
|
Definition
1) Latitude lines are parallel
2) They get progessively shorter as they approach the poles (longest is equator)
3) They run east-west but measure noth-south
4) They divide the planet into northern and southern hemispheres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ratio between the size of a map or globe to the same distance on the earth; it's a proportionate representation of reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in this style the scale is written as a statement (e.g. one centimeter represents one kilometer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This scale avoids any mention of unites of measure; it is a simple relationship and may be written as a fraction (e.g. 1:100 000) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A straight line representation of the written or ratio scale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organizes the major directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main/principal directions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The second level directoins (subplot) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compass is a circle with 360' and each is a bearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using the technology available to date rocks precisely (e.g. Canadian shield is 3.5 billion years old) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A comparison with no mention of specifics (I am older than all of you) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The order in which rocks are placed above one another. In undisturbed structures, the bottommost rocks will be the oldest. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A technology of absolute time.
Radioactive elements decay at predictable rates because they are not affected by temperature, physical or chemical influenes, or any other influence of the environment (e.g. carbon14) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The time it takes for the parent material to decay to half its original amount |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The physical and chemical breakdown of rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The wearing away of surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the materials carried by streams and other agents of erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The laying down of sediments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hardening of sediments; water cements it |
|
|
Term
| The four main evidences for plate tectonics |
|
Definition
1) The jigsaw fit between Africa and South America
2) The similar fossils and plants found on both continents (i.e. mesosaurus)
3) Similar geology- mountains of similar age and structure on both sides of the Atlantic
4) Paleoclimatic evidence- parts of southern India, South America, Africa, and Australia were once covered with glaciers, proving they were once closer to the south pole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bending, warping of rock due to compression as a result of two plates coming together. It happens with constant and even pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a break in rock due to sudden and extreme presure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fracture along which movement has occured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horizontal movement along the fault line |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| downward movement due to tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upward movement due to compression |
|
|
Term
| Describe the development of the Western Cordillera |
|
Definition
Development of the sedimentary rocks which were later to become the folded mountains of the Western Cordillera began some 460 m.y.a.
Canadian geologists believe the Western Cordillera was built from two separate collisions; two separate periods of folding.
The eastern portion of the region was built app. 210 m.y.a. and the western portion app. 160 m.y.a.
This is a great example of how continents grow by the welding on of successively younger mountain belts. |
|
|
Term
| How the Appalachians formed. |
|
Definition
App. 600 m.y.a., there as an immense build up of sediments on the eastern shore of the North American continent. At this time the ancient Atlantic Ocean began to close.
By 425 m.y.a., the sedimentary rocks which had formed here had been compressed and folded into mountains; they were episodes of quicker motion which created faults.
App. 50 m.y.a. later, a second compressions of the area occured, bringing with it massive intrusions of igneous rocks. It was slow and constant.
*Continents grow by accretion |
|
|
Term
| Formation of the Canadian Shield. |
|
Definition
| The rocks of the Canadian Shield were formed in the Precambrian Eon and started 3.5 billion years ago during a lengthy period when two tectonic plates converged, causing the surface rock to be forced down into the interior of the earth, melt, and rise back to the surface and slowly cool. The rocks are igneous and metamorphic and contain large areas of granite. |
|
|
Term
| Canada's time zones from west to east |
|
Definition
| Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern, Atlantic, Newfoundland |
|
|
Term
| Five factors that affect climate |
|
Definition
| latitude, air mass, ocean currents, near large bodies of water, elevation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The curvature of the earth determines how hot or cold a region is- in a more northern area, the same amount of sunlight is spread over a larger area, thus meaning the north is cooler |
|
|
Term
| Large bodies of water's effect |
|
Definition
| Water takes longer to change temperatures, meaning it will give warm winds in cold temperatures and cool winds in warm temperatures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The higher you are, the less air pressure, and thinner air can't hold as much warmth
For every 100 m you rise, the temp. goes down by 1'C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An air mass can have a considerable effect on an area, depending on the climatic conditions of the area where it is formed. It can bring precip. if it originated over an ocean. If it was formed over a warm area, the air mass will be warm, and vice versa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The temperature of the ocean current effects the temperature of the air travelling over it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the day-to-day conditoins in the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The average conditions observed over centuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sun radiates short-wave radiation, or light, onto the earth's surface. Some of this is absorbed but some is radiated back out as long-wave radiation, or heat. The greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, methane, etc.) in the atmosphere trap the heat and reradiate it back into the atmosphere, thus warming the planet |
|
|
Term
| Effects of global warming |
|
Definition
- glaciers, ice caps melt
- sea level rising
- ocean currents disturbed
- more flood
- extreme weather patterns the norm
- drought, forest fires
- Canada's climate will become milder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a reservoir that stores arbon
- can remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it for a period of time
- more carbon moves into them than out of them
- i.e. oceans, soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an activity or location that gives off more co2 than it absorbs
i.e. volcanoes, burning of fossil fuels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process whereby carbon is trapped in fossil fuels or sedimentary rock for millions of years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Igneous rock that cools inside the earth's surface and has large crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| igneous rock that cools outside the earth's surface and has small crystals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea the when the earth formed, the denser iron sank to the bottom and the lighter things floated to the top, explaining why density increases as we go deeper into the earth's interior |
|
|
Term
| Climate- pacific maritime |
|
Definition
- temperature never below 0'C
- winter precip max.
- always over 1000 mm of precip |
|
|
Term
| climate- Atlantic Maritime |
|
Definition
- winter max. precip
- temp goes below 0'C
- always over 1000mm precip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- consistent rainfall throughout the year
- average temp around 7'C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- very cold
- never over 2 months above 0'C
- very dry
- average temp. -16'C |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- summer max. precip
- warmest of buggers
- average temp. 8'C (or 3-8) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- summer max precip.
- average temp. 0-3
- more rainfall than other buggers? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- coldest of buggers
- summer max. precip
- average temp -5'C
- 8-9 months below zero |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest subdivision of geologic time (i.e. Phanerozoic Eon) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Smaller units of eons, second largest division of geologic time (i.e. Mesozoic era) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lasted 4600 b.y.a.to 570 b.y.a.
- hidden life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- age of the invertebrates
- lated 570 b.y.a. to 245 b.y.a. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- age of the reptiles
- lasted 245 b.y.a. to 66 b.y.a. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- age of the mammals
- lasts from 66 b.y.a. and ongoing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The variation in the Earth's global climate over time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 that the continents somehow 'drifted' apart to form the arrangement we see today |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The theory that states the Earth's outer shell consists of plates that move causing earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, cand the formation of new crust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rock that forms when magma cools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed when igneous rock that was eroded by wind, water, and ice get eroded and carried by running water into prehistoric seas. The weight of the water and the sediments themselves compressed the layers into rock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rock that formed when igneous or sedimentary rock were subjected to great amounts of heat and pressure from within the earth. CHANGED rock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plate boundaries moving together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The situation created when plates collide and the heavier oceanic rocks slide down under the lighter continental rocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if two plates moving together are both continental, they both contain lighter rocks that weigh pretty much the same, so no subudction occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plates breaking up and spreading apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diagram in the shape of a flower that organizes directions and bearings |
|
|
Term
| Explain the Ocean Conveyer belt system |
|
Definition
| The water gets warmed by the sun at the equator, then gravity pulls it 'downslope' toward the poles, as this current goes northeast, it transfers heat from the ocean to the surrounding atmosphere, warming the area around it. Much of the warm water evaporates, so the remaining water is much more salty, much more dense. And when it reaches the poles, the water there is cold and even more salty, adding to the density of it, and the water will then sink down back to the equator in a huge ocean current along the ocean floor. |
|
|
Term
| At ___km deep in the Earth's interior, you would find ________x the pressure found at the surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Investigate minerals of the earth, what they're made of and where they come from |
|
|
Term
| The mantle is _____ thick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The core is ________'F, the same temperature as the surface of the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is approximately ______ miles to the centre of the earth. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mantle is slow moving molten rock. It moves app. __cm/year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Take pictures of the earth's interior using sound waves |
|
|
Term
| The outer core is thought to be made of ______, and the Inner Core ______. This material came from a giant _________ which arrived _________years ago. |
|
Definition
| liquid iron, solid iron, asteroid, 4 billion |
|
|
Term
| The temperature rises in the earth's interior ___'C every __km |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Date and fingerprint rocks; they can determine where lava originates |
|
|
Term
| There is enough gold in the earth's interior to cover all land on Earth ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
