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| Greek work “Earth description” |
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| Angular distance measuring north and south of the equator |
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| Angular distance measuring east and west |
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| an area of community such as climate, soil, defined by 1 or more distinctive characteristics |
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| A map (Korean 1402) the finest map in the world at the time of Columbus (included China, Japan, India, countries of the Islamic world, and Europe) |
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| Increased interaction among people and societies at the global scale, including both economic and cultural phenomena |
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| Process of an idea or item spreading from place to place (example: English language) |
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| Large, continent-sized piece of earth’s crust that moves in relation to other pieces |
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| Continents all fit together like one big puzzle |
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| that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core |
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Study of landforms and the forces that create them
-Heat in the earth’s core creates movement in landforms
-People are impacting soil fertility and rates of erosion |
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| literally “country behind”, a term that applies to a surrounding area with a central urban center. The city is the core and the hinterland is the exterior surroundings |
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| Early 1900’s began to hypothesize that the continents seems to look like a puzzle (Pangaea) |
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Koppen System: very popular in scientific circles (1918)
-Used the distribution of plants to draw boundaries to classify climate |
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J.H. von Thunen (1783-1850) published the new farming patters in 1826 in a work called The Isolated State
Created a model Assumed:
-A single market center
-Flat, uninterrupted land (transportation directly proportional to distance)
-First in the field that became known as “Location Theory”
-Concept of Economic Rent: “The monetary return from the use of land after the costs of production and marketing have been deducted.” A. de Souza |
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“The monetary return from the use of land after the costs of production and marketing have been deducted.” A. de Souza
- Value for land = economic rent |
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| introduced in 2002, it was the first single currency that symbolized Europe’s strengthening unity |
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-1780’s James Watt and other devised a steam-driven engine- changed transportation, manufacturing, ocean shipping
-Coal: (converted to carbon-rich coke) becoming more important in manufacturing
-London became a major focus of manufacturing as well as other countries in Europe
-Location Theory: Alfred Weber (1868-1958) wrote “concerning the location of industries” and tried to explain industrial location |
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| Centrifugal forces (examples): |
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| forces that tend to divide a country (religious, linguistic, ethnic, ideological) |
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“the process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government
Example: Czechoslovakia, Scotland… now Czech and Slovak |
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| Centripetal forces (examples): |
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forces that tend to unite a country (strong national culture, common faith, ideological objectives)
Still many centrifugal forces- examples: language. Most speak Indo-European languages but they are not mutually understandable |
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| Most speak Indo-European languages but they are not mutually understandable; English has become a lingua franca (second language of the world) and this has helped. Also, religion, but it has divided Northern Ireland |
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| a country’s largest city, most expressive of the national culture and usually but not always the capital city as well (example: London, Paris) |
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| 1947: 13 billion to help build and stabilize Europe: Soviet Union refused U.S. aid |
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| Belgium. The Netherlands, and Luxembourg |
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| “The voluntary association in economic, political, or cultural spheres of three or more independent states willing to yield some measure of sovereignty for their mutual benefit.” (Like League of Nations and the United Nations) |
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| A place, usually a port city, where goods are imported, stored, and transshipped. |
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| “A zone (or region) of persistent splintering and fracturing.” (example: Eastern Europe) |
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| Location relative to other paces, refers to how a particular site relates to the outside world |
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| an interior state surrounded by land without coasts which is very inconvenient because they do not have access to international trade routes |
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| “Fragmentation of a region” |
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| reorganization of a country’s agriculture under communism that involves the expropriation of private holdings and their incorporation into relatively large scale units, which are farmed and administered cooperatively by those who live there |
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| variation of the continental effect on air temperatures in the interior portions of the world’s landmasses; the greater the distance from the ocean the greater the extremes in the summer and winter and is dryer |
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| treeless plain that lies along the arctic shore in northernmost Russia and Canada, whose vegetation consists of mosses, lichens, and certain hardy grasses |
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| permanently frozen water in the near-surface soil and bedrock of cold environments, producing the effect of completely frozen ground |
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| Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory |
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| the various degenerative effects of distance on human spatial stuctures and interactions |
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| taught Russian language, culture, etc. to expand Russian practices |
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| Communists led by V.I. Lenin; Tried to eliminate much of the past; Czar and family were executed; Soviet Union formed 1924-1991; USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Soviets were ‘councils’ |
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| Russification began (millions of Russians moved to non-Russian regions) Lenin succeeded by Stalin – A Georgian – Millions moved including the Chechens and uncounted numbers were starved for exterminated [after WWII] |
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| mostly coniferous forests that extend over vast reaches of Russia including Siberia [which means sleeping land] |
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| Planned (command) economy |
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| a few people in the government would make all the decisions |
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| Sir Halford Mackinder – 1861-1947 – British geographer; wrote “The Geographical Pivot of History” became known as the heartland theory; the protected core of western Russia and Eastern Europe would make this a world power; theory is still discussed today; Later, Nicholas Spykman (1944) used the term ‘Rimland’ |
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| a system of social organization in which all activity both economically and socially is controlled by a totalitarian state dominated by a single and self-perpetuating political party. |
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