Term
|
Definition
| unusually low tidal range produced during the first and third quarters of the moon, with an offsetting pull from the sun |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest tidal range, which occurs when the moon and the sun are in conjunction or in opposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a point of land, usually high and often with a sheer drop, that extends out into a body of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a specific coastal environment; that region between the high-water line during a storm and a depth at which storm waves are unable to move sea-floor sediments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a current that forms parallel to a beach as waves arrive at an angle to the shore; generated in the surf zone by wave action, transporting large amounts of sand and sediment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a landform created when coastal sand deposits connect to the shoreline with an offshore island outcrop or sea stack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a seismic sea wave, traveling at high speeds across the ocean, formed by sudden motion in the marine floor, such as an undersea volcano |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bending process that concentrates wave energy on headlands and disperses it in coves and bays, long term result is coastal straightening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wave in which the particles of water move forward in the direction of wave propagation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - the friction moving the waves generates energy within the water, This energy is then passed between water molecules in ripples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a long, narrow structure that protects a coastline from the currents and tides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small jetty extending from a shore to protect a beach against erosion or to trap shifting sands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area of the sea where cool, deep waters, which are generally nutrient rich, rise to replace the vacating water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area of the sea where a convergence or accumulation of water thrusts excess water downward; occurs along the margins of Antarctica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drowned or glaciated valley, or glacial trough, along a seacoast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coral island that circles a lagoon partially or completely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally, a broadened barrier beach (composed of sand that forms offshore parallel to the coast) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a flat or gently sloping tablelike bedrock surface that develops in the tidal zone, where wave action cuts a bench that extends from the cliff base out into sea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regular patterns of smooth, rounded waves in open water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The point where a wave’s height exceeds its vertical stability and the wave breaks as it approaches the shore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a turbulent layer of water that washes up on the beach after an incoming wave has broken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the water that washes up on shore after an incoming wave has broken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of glacial ice through melting, sublimation, wind removal by deflation, or the calving of blocks of ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – mechanical wearing and erosion of bedrock accomplished by the rolling and grinding of particles and rocks carried in a stream, removed by the wind in a “sandblasting” action or imbedded in glacial ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a glacier confined in a mountain valley or walled basin, consisting of three subtypes: valley glacier (within a valley), piedmont glacier (coalesced at the base of a mountain, spreading freely over nearby lowlands), and outlet glacier (flowing outward from a continental glacier) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sharp ridge that divides two cirque basins; Derived from “knife edge” in French, these form sawtooth and serrated ridges in glaciated mountains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a scooped out, amphitheater-shaped basin at the head of an alpine glacier valley; an erosional landform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by two headward-eroding cirques that reduce an arête(ridge crest) to form a high pass or saddlelike narrow depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a continuous mass of unconfined ice, covering at least 50,000 km2 ; Greenland and Antarctica |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – a sinuously curving, narrow deposit of coarse gravel that forma along a meltwater stream channel, developing in a tunnel beneath a glacier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| snow of a granular texture that is transitional in the slow transformation from snow to glacial ice; snow that has persisted through a summer season in the zone of accumulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the snow line that is visible on the surface of a glacier, where winter snows survive the summer ablation season |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erosive process of particle detachment by moving glacial ice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rapid forward movement of the snout of a glacier. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pyramidal sharp-pointed peak that results when several cirque glaciers gouge an individual mountain summit from all sides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cold episode, with accompanying alpine and continental ice accumulations, that has repeated roughly every 200 to 300 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| floating ice created by ice calving and floating adrift; hazard to shipping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms when an isolated block of ice persists in a ground moraine, an outwash plain, or a valley floor after a glacier retreats; as the block melts, it leaves behind a steep sided hole that frequently fills with water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a depositional feature of glaciations; a small hill of poorly sorted sand and gravel that accumulates in crevasses or in ice-caused indentations in the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a depositional landform related to glaciations that is composed of till (unstratified, unsorted) and is streamlined in the direction of continental ice movement—blunt end upstream and tapered end downstream with a rounded summit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glacial stream deposits of stratified drift of meltwater-fed, braided, and overloaded streams; occurs beyond a glacier’s morainal deposits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| land with relatively low relief, that is flat or gently rolling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one of a series of small, circular, stair-stepped lakes formed in individual rock basins aligned down the course of a glaciated valley |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small mountain lake, especially one that collects in a cirque basin behind risers of rock material or in an ice-gouged depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marginal glacial deposits (lateral, medial, terminal, ground) of unsorted and unstratified material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glacial ice sliding across rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the rocks on the upper side of an inclined fault plane or mineral vein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a dynamic natural body made up of fine materials covering earth’s surface in which plants grow, composed of both mineral and organic matter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertical section of soil from the ground surface to the parent rock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The soil that is remaining after the soluble elements have been dissolved. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A soil transported by water or wind or ice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tiny clay and organic particle in soil; provides chemically active sites for mineral ion absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a soil order in the soil taxonomy. Tropical soils that are old, deeply developed, and lacing in horizons wherever well drained; heavily weathered, low in cation-exchange capacity, and low in fertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a soil order in the soil taxonomy; features highly weathered forest soils, principally in the humid subtropical climactic classification. Fertility is quickly exhausted when cultivated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a soil order in the soil taxonomy; largest soil order. Typical of dry climates; low in organic matter and dominated by calcification and saltation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a soil order in the soil taxonomy. These have a mollic epipedon and a humus-rich organic content high in alkalinity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rich black loam of Russia. loam - a rich soil consisting of a mixture of sand and clay and decaying organic materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mixture of organic debris in the soil worked by consumers and decomposers in the humification process; characteristically formed from plant and animal litter deposited at the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pedogenic process in cool, moist climates; forms a highly leached soil with strong surface acidity because of humus from acid-rich trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the removal of finer particles and minerals from the upper horizons of soil; an erosional process within a soil body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the downward movement and deposition of finer particles and minerals from the upper horizon of the soil; a depositional process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pedogenic process operating in well-drained soils that occur in warm and humid regions, typical of oxisols. Reddish or yellowish in color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how acidic or basic a compound is |
|
|
