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Definition
| the science of place and space |
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| concerned with the spatial aspects of human existence |
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| The study of patterns in climates, landforms, vegetation, soils, and water. Forecast weather, manage land and water resources, analyze and plan forests, rangelands, wetlands |
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| 1957, first African country to gain independence |
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| 31 countries in Africa became independent. In 1960 alone, 17 of the 31 became independent |
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| the continent was in limbo, neither improving nor declining |
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| Africa was a continent in decline. Debt was affecting all countries |
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Definition
| it was believed that Africa was in crisis. The rapid spread of HIV/AIDS was beginning to pose a threat to economies, societies and health care systems |
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Definition
| Africa is now at the crossroads. Because Africa is at a crossroads, many Western leaders have spoken about providing support for African development in the form of debt relief and new aid programs |
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| Positive political development during 1990s |
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Definition
| the dismantling of apartheid in South Africa. The release of Nelson Mandela set the stage for negotiations on a constitution to give all South Africans (regardless of race) rights of participation in the political process, as well as rights of residence and property ownership anywhere in the country |
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Definition
| There are a total of 46 independent states. 15 are landlocked. With the exception of Botswana, Africa’s landlocked states continue to be very poor and undeveloped. They also tend to have small populations; only Ethiopia and Uganda have more than 13 million people. Transportation is a problem because they must depend on bordering states for an outlet to the sea. 5 of the landlocked states have no railroads, and even where linkages exist, political tensions between the neighboring states prevent the use of the railroads |
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| GNI- Gross National Income and HDI- Human Development Report. HDI is described as an index of the range and quality of options available to people to shape their own destinies. The index is calculated annually by using measures of life expectancy, education, and per capita income |
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| Countries west of the Cameroon-Niger border |
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Definition
| Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi |
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Definition
| South Africa, Botswana, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia, Angola, Lesotho, Swaziland |
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| Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Sudan |
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| anchored by Cameroon to the north and the DRC to the south |
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| a term often applied to the school of historical-cultural studies that portrays Africa as the true source of human civilization. Typically emphasizes the cultural unity of all Africa; thus ancient Egyptian civilization and diverse black African civilizations are treated as part of a pan-African legacy |
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Definition
| focuses on the writing of western scholars, travelers, and officials about the colonized world and its people. The writings portrayed the colonized subjects as exotic, mysterious, deviant, and often dangerous. i.e. Henry Morton Stanley’s |
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Definition
portrays Africa in demeaning ways. It does play a major role in bringing pictures of Africa to the world. It is instrumental in shaping public perception about Africa
The images shifted in 1950s and 1960s to illustrate new independent African states
Since 1990s, images reverted back to the past
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Definition
it was the “white mans burden” to spread European civilization to all regions
This idea has provided a foundation for African development and has proven resilient
The Christians were missionaries that bearers of the “white mans burden” by spreading religion. Christianity helped to provide a spiritual conceptual framework of reference for Europe’s sense of destine |
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Definition
Research on African farming systems has demonstrated the economic and ecological value of practices such as intercropping (growing more than one crop together), agroforestry (integrating useful trees into farming systems), and shifting cultivation, all of which were assumed until fairly recently to have little or no value
The studies of indigenous knowledge have done much to change perceptions of African culture
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| Participatory Development |
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Definition
| it is meant to reverse the old power dynamics by insisting that development be directed from the local level |
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Definition
the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitutes the earth
It involves the study of the composition, structure, physical properties, dynamics and history of earth materials, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed |
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Definition
the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them
The study of why landscapes look the way they do |
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Definition
| old and stable part of the earth’s crust that has survived the merging and splitting of continents and supercontinents for at least 500 million years |
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Definition
| the decomposition of the Earth’s rocks, soils, and their minerals through direct contact with the atmosphere |
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Definition
| the removal of rocks, sediments, soils, and other particles in the natural environment by wind, water, or ice |
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| Four most important basins |
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Definition
| Sudan (Nile), Congo, Chad, El-Djouf (Niger), and Kalahari |
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Definition
| large bodies of air that assume particular moisture and temperature characteristics in their regions of origin |
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Definition
used to illustrate the general rule:
Equatorial climates have regular patterns of temperature and rainfall, and the degree of variability increases in successive zone away from the equatorial zone |
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Definition
extremely regular patterns of temperature and rainfall, and the degree of variability increases in successive zones away from the equatorial zone.
Equatorial climates: heavy rainfall and a dry season that is either very short or absent
Temperatures are high, averaging 25°C and the temperature range is low |
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Term
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Definition
less rainfall than equatorial zone
Rainfall peaks twice during the year, separated by short dry seasons |
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Term
| Tropical Wet-and-Dry climates |
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Definition
occur on the poleward and eastern flanks of humid tropical zone
Lengthy dry season, 5-8 months
Precipitation averages between 500-1,000 mm (about 40-80 inches) per year |
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Term
| Transitional Semi-Arid climates |
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Definition
between tropical wet-and-dry and desert climates
Rainy season lasts 1-3 months
Precipitation has dropped since 1960s by an average of 30% |
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Term
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Definition
have little and unreliable rainfall
Extreme diurnal ranges in temperature and significant annual variations
Temperatures in Faya Largeau range from 59°F to 64°F
Monthly maximum temperature exceeds 104°F five months out of the year |
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Definition
| occur in the southern tip of South Africa. Rainfall is received in winter (April to September) Precipitation is quite low |
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Definition
| dust filled winds that blow from Lake Chad southwesterly across Nigeria and neighboring states during dry season; episodes last 3-5 days, with a dusty haze obliterating the sun, lowering temperatures, and reducing visibility to less than a kilometer. It happens numerous times each dry season |
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Definition
| the study of the distribution of biodiversity over space and time |
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Definition
| the scientific study of the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporates numerous variables that are linked to one another through complex flows of matter and energy. These components are both biotic and abiotic |
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Definition
| a large, regular region whose climate, vegetation, fauna, and soils are generally uniform. The biome is usually named after the predominant vegetation in the region |
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Definition
centered in the Congo basin of west central Africa. It extends northward through southern Cameroon and discontinuously along the West African coast as far as Sierra Leone. It is also found in Madagascar
Centered in Congo basin of west central Africa and E. Madagascar
Tropical rain forests occur in close association with equatorial climates
Characterized by uniformly high temperatures
Heavy rainfall, and a dry season that is either very short or absent
Most biologically diverse in terms of vegetation and animal life
Oxisol soils- contain few nutrients and little organic matter
Threatened by human activity |
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Term
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Definition
forms an almost continuous band adjoining the tropical forest on its northern, eastern, and southern edges. The characteristic vegetation of this biome is a mixture of trees and tall grasses. Where rainfall is relatively high and human influence is low, there may be quite a dense canopy of evergreen trees
Adjoins rainforests on northern, eastern, and southern edges
Guinea savanna- North Africa
Miombo- south central Africa
Occurs in conjunction with humid tropical climates
Less rainfall than equatorial climates; they have a double-maximum pattern of rainfall separated by two short but distinct dry seasons
Oxisols and Ultisols soils- diverse soils |
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Term
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Definition
adjoins the moist woodland savanna on its dry margins is a continuous band of dry savanna vegetation
In conjunction with tropical wet and dry climates
Adjoins moist woodland savanna
The climates have a five-to eight month dry season and less rainfall than in the woodland savanna zone
Trees are usually more scattered, and the grass is not as tall
Precipitation declines as distance from moist woodland savanna increases
Less wildlife diversity
Ustallfs are main soil type |
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Term
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Definition
a transitional zone lying between the Sudan savanna and the desert, characterized by a short rainy season yielding an average of 250-500 mm of precipitation
Trees tend to have thick bark and small, waxy leaves that do not lose much moisture through transpiration
In Niger
Transitional zone between Sudan savanna and desert
Short rainy season |
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Term
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Definition
climates are characterized by very low and sporadic rainfall, and by substantial daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations
Desert plant life must be highly adapted to the sparse and infrequent rainfall and the poorly developed, often saline soils. Vegetation is likely to be denser and more varied along watercourses than in the more open desert
Very low and sporadic rainfall
Large temperature variations
Diverse plant life
Ardisol soils- low organic content
Namib Desert |
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Term
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Definition
| is analogous to temperate grasslands found in other continents. The climate is relatively cool, especially in winter when freezing temperatures are common. The precipitation of 450-700 mm per annum is highly concentrated in the summer months Temperatures cooler Grasslands Alfisol soils with rich organic content Agriculturally prosperous In high plateaus of eastern South Africa |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters
The South African Cape region
Hot, dry summers and cool, moist winters
Drought resistant vegetations
Xeralfs soils- fertile |
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Term
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Definition
Africa’s highest mountain peaks form a discontinuous zone in which altitude is the primary determinant of climate, vegetation, and soil types. Temperatures decline with increasing altitude, and on mountains’ windward sides, rainfall may be very abundant
Altitude determines climate, vegetation, and soil types
Includes Ethiopian Plateau, South African Highlands |
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Definition
| The clearance of tropical forests |
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Term
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Definition
| involves a range of changes to ecosystems, including the degradation of vegetation, the loss of soil moisture, and the formation of sand dunes. This ultimately produces desert like conditions of vegetation and soil in areas beyond the climatic desert |
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Definition
| South Africa, Angola, South West Africa, Sierra Leone, Botswana, Namibia, DRC, some in Tanzania, CAR, Ghana |
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Definition
| South Africa, Zimbabwe, DRC, Ghana, |
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Term
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Definition
| Copper Belt, Zambia, DRC, South Africa, Botswana |
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Definition
| Nigeria, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Zambia, Tanzania, Angola, Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea |
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Definition
| Consolidated mines founded in 1888 by C. Rhodes. They have controlled the diamond market since 1890 and they keep expanding |
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Term
| Kimberley Process Certification Scheme |
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Definition
| a 2000 resolution by the diamond industry calling for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation to accept only sealed packages of diamonds, and criminal charges for blood diamond trafficking. It is a process designed to certify the origin of diamonds |
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Term
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Definition
| the Nile, the Congo, the Niger, the Zambezi, the Ubangi, the Orange |
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Term
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Definition
Natural lakes: Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Malawi, and Lake Chad.
Man-made lakes: Lake Volta, Lake Kariba, and Lake Cabora Bassa |
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Term
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Definition
During 1950s to the mid-1970s, Africa went through an era of building dams
Several major dam projects were completed. Their electrical generating capacity was large and despite the very high costs, the dams were coveted as keystone development projects that would have many positive spinoffs. They were “positive investment”
Anticipated benefits from the massive investments generally failed to materialize, and negative effects such as the loss of rich farmland and increased disease transmission were frequently reported |
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Term
| Large-scale irrigation projects |
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Definition
| brought many negative downstream effects not considered in project planning. Seasonal flooding of rivers traditionally formed the basis for active floodplain economies based on fishing and farming |
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Term
| Negatives of Dam construction |
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Definition
| Dam construction, which reduced or eliminated these floods, severely damaged the economies of farming communities that relied on floodwaters |
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Term
| Africa's potential for hydroelectric development |
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Definition
An estimated 40% of the world’s potential hydroelectric resources are located in Africa; only 6% of this capacity has been developed
DRC has about 16% of the world’s total potential hydroelectric resources |
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Term
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Definition
| In countries like Ethiopia, Madagascar, and Zambia, less than 30% of the population has access to safe water |
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Term
| Negatives of Large-scale irrigation |
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Definition
| Has also been associated with ecological effects that range from the salinization of soils in poorly designed, poorly maintained irrigation schemes, to the elimination of flood-adapted species downstream from dams |
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Term
| Three fundamental challenges relating to water: |
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Definition
| water scarcity, water pollution, and ecosystem degradation |
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Term
Fundamental challenge relating to water: Water scarcity |
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Definition
| has become a major concern in semiarid regions with large and growing populations, and substantial economic activity |
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Term
Fundamental challenge relating to water: Water pollution |
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Definition
| Pollution by chemical agents, excess nutrients, and alien species threatens to contaminate water supplies, making them less potable and in extreme cases unusable for many purposes Use of pesticides, or work in mines (chemicals might be used to extract minerals from the ore), oil wells, dumps of chemical waste enter streams or contaminate groundwater |
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Term
Fundamental challenge relating to water: Freshwater ecosystems |
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Definition
| Freshwater ecosystems are in a state of decline or crisis in many African river, lakes, and wetlands |
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Term
| Problems in Lake Victoria |
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Definition
| Ecological degradation is a problem. The lake's water hyacinth and cichlid population are declining. Cichlids were unique to Lake Victoria and once accounted for about 80% of the fish in the lake. Over fishing has caused a problem. The water hyacinth is a recently introduced species causing havoc in the lake. The hyacinth forms huge tangled masses of vegetation that may be virtually impenetrable for smaller boats which affects the fishers on the lake. The cichlids are extinct and nothing can be done. Tampering with nature, i.e. introducing species, can affect everything! |
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Definition
| Focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant, from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially |
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Term
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Definition
| seen to be a socially constructed phenomenon. It reflects subjective, selective, and often self-serving identities, rather than a set of objectively defined characteristics. Culture is socially constructed from within—built on community’s memories. It is also socially constructed from without—reflecting the definitions formulated by outsiders |
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Term
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Definition
| Africa has a rich diversity of cultures. The term pluralism was widely used to refer to the complex patterns of ethnicity, language, and religion in African nations |
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Term
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Definition
| affiliation with or loyalty to a group sharing a common sense of origin, real or artificially constructed. Members of most ethnic groups share the same language, culture, and political and economic institutions. Ethnic groups do not usually occupy discrete and exclusive territories. The term “tribe” is sometimes problematic |
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Term
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Definition
There are close to 2,000 distinct African languages
Over 100 groups of language |
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Term
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Definition
| a language systematically used to communicate between persons not sharing the same mother tongue |
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Term
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Definition
| a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between 2 or more groups that do not have a common language |
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Term
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Definition
| Stable language that originated from a combination of other languages |
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Term
| Examples of lingua franca |
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Definition
Swahili (Bantu language)
Hausa |
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Term
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Definition
| is common; that is, many people who are nominally Christian or Muslim continue to practice elements of a traditional religion as well |
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Term
| Pre-colonial Africa structure in society |
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Definition
| structured hierarchically, with chiefs and royal families at the top. This changed in the colonial period. The Europeans took the top positions and the power of traditional chiefs eroded under colonialism; although the chiefs retained their positions, they had very little meaningful power |
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Term
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Definition
| The class structure shifted once again after independence. Europeans either left or assumed less visible roles. The dominant class was a state bourgeoisie, consisting of politicians, civil servants, teachers and other professionals, and senior military officers |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to organized groups that exist between, and help mediate relations between, the state and society as a whole. Many of the groups are based on economic interests; others represent particular regional ethnic, or religious perspectives; and still others are nascent political opposition groups |
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Term
| There are 9 low-density counties that are very diverse |
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Definition
| Mali, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, and Namibia. Occur throughout the continent and are in all the major biomes—tropical forest, savanna, semidesert, and desert |
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Term
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Definition
Countries with the highest densities (over 80 persons per square kilometer) account for about one-third of the population but only 6.7% of the area
Group of 11 countries but dominated by Nigeria, which accounts for 60% of the high-density group’s total population and 56% of its area |
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Term
| Precipitations effect on population distribution |
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Definition
specifically, the amount, seasonal distribution, and reliability of rainfall in particular regions, is the most important of climate factors related to the distribution of population
Where rainfall is low and the rainy season short and uncertain, as in drier savanna and semidesert regions, low densities are the rule
The majority of African tropical forest and moist savanna environments, where adequate precipitation is not a limiting factor, also have low population densities
Human tropical environments with low population densities often have infertile laterite soils that are unsuitable for intensive cultivation |
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Term
| Africa's population is predominantly rural |
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Definition
| African population is predominantly rural; as of 2000, only 38% of the population resided in urban centers |
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Term
| East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa rural percentages |
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Definition
East Africa, with 23% of its population in cities, is considerably less urbanized than West Africa (with 40%), central Africa (with 38%), or southern Africa (with 43%)
Rwanda and Burundi are under 10% urban
Botswana and Djibouti are over 70% urban
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Term
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Definition
| the leading city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the country. At least twice as large as the next largest city |
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Term
| The implications of population growth |
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Definition
| mainly in development planning. Employment needs of young people reaching adulthood and the continuing demand for health care and education |
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Term
| Population may grow in two ways |
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Definition
| (1) by natural increases—that is, births minus deaths; or (2) positive net migration—that is, immigration minus outmigration (leaving a place) |
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Term
| Africa's population changes are mainly from... |
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Definition
| National population changes in many African countries have been almost entirely from natural increases |
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Term
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Definition
| Demographic transition is a model used by demographers to relate changes in a population’s birth and death rates. It states that populations pass through a series of predictable stages—from an initial stage when both birth and death rates are high, to transitional stages when first the death rate and later the birth rate declines, to a final stage in which both birth and death rates stabilize at a new low level. Natural increase is relatively low during both the initial and final stages, but relatively high in the middle, transitional stages |
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Term
| Prior to 1990, almost all African countries could be considered to be in _________ Stages |
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Definition
| early transitional stages |
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Term
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Definition
| is countries where birth rates and death rates haven’t changed much in the 1990s. Crude birth rates were among the highest in Africa and did not decline during the decade. Their crude death rates continued to decline, but in each case remained well above average |
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Term
| example of Early transition countries |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| many countries in West Africa. In countries where crude birth rates fell dramatically. Crude death rate also declined significantly. The countries in the accelerated transition tend to be more urbanized, politically stable, more developed, HIV/AIDS has had little impact |
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Term
| Examples of countries in Accelerated transition |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
used to describe the demography of several countries in western Africa where the shift to lower birth and death rates stalled during the 1990s
Crude birth rates declining moderately. Crude death rates reversed (death rates increased in 1990s-2000). HIV/AIDS- growing demographic concern |
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Term
| Example of countries in the interrupted transition |
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Definition
| i.e. Côte d’Ivoire and Cameroon |
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Term
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Definition
| Zimbabwe for example, had one of the lowest death rates in 1980s, but then in 1990s-2000 it had one of the highest death rates. Life expectancy at birth declined significantly. Even today, life expectancy has dropped from 60 years to 40 years. South Africa mainly because of HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS is highest in Southern Africa, South Africa, Swaziland now. In the 1980s, it was eastern and central Africa that had the highest HIV/AIDS rate. Reverse transition reflects the impact of HIV/AIDS |
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Term
| Example of countries in the Reversed transition |
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Definition
| i.e. South Africa and Zimbabwe |
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Term
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Definition
| once had high crude death rates but now they are on the decline. Crude birth rates are still high but starting to decline. the death rates, which increased rapidly during the late 1980s, did not grow appreciably during the 1990s |
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Term
| Examples of countries in the Restabilized transition |
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Definition
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Term
| Reasons for migrating vary |
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Definition
| quest for new opportunities, flight to safety from turmoil or ecological disaster, observance of social or religious custom |
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Term
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Definition
a term used to describe the situation in which survival became dependent on combining wage labor and peasant subsistence production
Labor migrants were attracted to areas with developed cash economies, each of which had its own neglected periphery from which labor was drawn |
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Term
| Major foci of the migrants’ job search |
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Definition
South Africa, primarily the Witswatersrand mining region and major farming areas
Central Africa, particularly areas of European agriculture in Zimbabwe and the copper belts of the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia
East Africa, notably the former “White Highlands” of Kenya
West Africa, especially the major cash crop areas of Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Nigeria |
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Term
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Definition
| Some elements of an origin “push” people to migrate, where as some elements of a destination “pull” migrants towards it |
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Term
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Definition
| war, crop failure, disease, economic hardship, political problems, famine |
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Term
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Definition
| employment, raw materials, food, stability, improved living conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| A large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge moving to other continents, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity, political instability or health risks. Teachers, doctors, scientists, engineers. Many African health care professionals, engineers, university teachers and researchers, and other skilled workers are drawn by the higher and more stable salaries, better working conditions and opportunities for professional development, and more attractive living conditions abroad. Others feel that their opportunities at home are limited by a range of factors, including ethnic and social barriers to advancement, political instability, crime, and the expectations of extended family members |
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Term
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Definition
| Southern Africa was formerly one of the most active regions of refugee activity, but since the end of South Africa’s apartheid-era interventions in neighboring countries, this region has had the fewest refugees. Mozambique, which was Africa’s largest source of refugees during the early 1990s, is now very stable. Angola, 1990s, thousands of Angolans were forced to seek refuge in neighboring countries 200,00-500,000 people |
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Term
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Definition
| Central Africa, the DRC and Chad have been major sources of refugee on a continuing basis. Other countries, including the Central African Republic, and the Congo, have been affected by refugee inflows from their neighboring countries, and at times have generated substantial refugee numbers themselves |
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Term
| East Central Africa refugee |
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Definition
| East central Africa has long been a major locus for refugee movements. The mass exodus of 2.3 million Rwandan refugees in 1994 was the largest of many refugee surges in the region. Rwanda and Burundi have had several major refugee exoduses since independence. Hundreds of thousands fled Uganda during 1970s and 1980s. Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, and DRC have taken in large numbers of refugees from neighboring countries. DCR had problems in 1990s that forced people to flee |
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Term
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Definition
| Horn region people fled Ethiopia, during the Ethiopia-Somalia conflict. Large scale migration to Sudan and Kenya |
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Term
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Definition
| West Africa, until 1980s, west Africa experienced very little international refugee. Liberian civil war changed that. 750,000 people fled Liberia to Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Côte d’Ivoire. |
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Term
| Agricultural innovation occurred in four “culture hearths” located south of the Sahara |
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Definition
the Ethiopian Plateau, the West African savanna, the West African forest, and the forest—savanna boundary in west central Africa
Within each of these regions, various crops were domesticated and methods of cultivation suited to the local environment were developed |
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Term
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Definition
| teff, millet, bulrush millet, sorghum, African rice |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Bambara groundnuts (peanuts), cowpeas |
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Term
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Definition
| oil palm, castor oil, shea butter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| okra, garden eggs (African eggplant) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| About 1000 B.C., the state of Kush in the Nile Valley of present-day Sudan was able to assert its independence from Egypt. Kush conquered Egypt in the 8th century B.C., and ruled it for several decades. Kush was a sophisticated civilization/empire. It was the first great empire of Africa south of the Sahara. It collapsed in about 300 A.D. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Nubia, were established in the Sudanese Nile Valley in the 6th century A.D. The kingdoms flourished until the 8th century when the spread of Islam effectively isolated Nubia from the rest of Christendom. The kingdoms finally expired in the 15th century |
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Term
| City-states along the East African coast |
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Definition
Several city-states were established along the East African coast between Somalia and Mozambique between the 8th and 19th centuries A.D.
Kilwa, Lamu, Mombasa, and Mogadishu were the best known of the 40-some major urban centers
Survived on trading networks |
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Term
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Definition
| All had agricultural economies, but their control of one or more of the major trade routes across the Sahara provided the main source of wealth |
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Term
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Definition
| a kingdom located in present-day Senegal and Mali, rose to prominence during the 9th century A.D. During the 11th century, the rulers and many of the people of Ghana converted to Islam. The kingdom of Ghana experienced a steady decline during the 12th century |
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Term
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Definition
| had emerged by the mid-13th century in the upper Niger and Senegal Valleys. Forged through the skilled leadership of the legendary Sundiata. Mali became extremely rich as a result of its control of the Bure goldfields and valuable salt deposits. The Malian state was organized and administered on Islamic principles. |
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Definition
| The decline of Mali during the 15th century coincided with the emergence of Songhai, centered at Gao at the bend in the Niger River. Several independent Hausa states had also developed in northern Nigeria, and the sultanate of Kanem-Borno had established control over the area around Lake Chad |
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Definition
| Kongo depended on a productive agricultural base, metalworking, and a flourishing interregional trade in foodstuffs, metals, and salt. The arrival of the Portuguese (main interest was to use the region as a source of slaves) led to the collapse of Kongo in the 16th century |
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Term
| Total number of slaves exported |
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Definition
| A decent estimate of the total number of slaves exported is 25-30 million |
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Term
| Trans-Saharan Slave Trade |
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Definition
| For 12 centuries, starting in the 7th century A.D., slaves were a principle export of Africa south of the Sahara. As many as 9.4 million slaves were exported via the Saharan routes between 650 and 1900 A.D. Two-thirds were young women destined to become concubines or house servants. Male slaves were often employed as soldiers or courtiers |
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Definition
| An estimated 5 million slaved were exported from eastern Africa. The sale of slaves increased in importance, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries. Were primarily women and children destined to become concubines and household servants |
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Term
| Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade |
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Definition
European-controlled slave trade—between 16th and 19th centuries
Direct European involvement in the slave trade began in the 15th century. African slaves were identified as an ideal source of labor for the mines and plantations in the New World
80% of slaves transported across the Atlantic were sent between 1700 and about 1870, when the trade ended. The most creditable estimates of the number of slaves sent across the Atlantic range from 10 to 15 million. Many more died in transit; in slave raids and wars; and from the famine, disease, and economic disruption associated with the trade |
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Term
| Triangle trade—linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
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Definition
| European ships carried guns, alcohol, and cheap manufactured goods from Europe to West Africa. These goods would then be exchanged for slaves, and the slaves would be transported to the New World. The money obtained from selling slaves would finance the purchase of gold, silver, tobacco, sugar, and rum, which would be transported to Europe |
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Term
| African Rule/Outside Powers |
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Definition
Prior to 1880, about 90% of Africa south of the Sahara was still ruled by Africans. Two decades later in 1900, the only uncolonized states were Liberia and Ethiopia
The scramble for Africa was beginning in earnest; whether “effective control” was established by means of military conquest or through bogus, one-sided “treaties” did not change the end result for Africans |
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Term
| The Berlin Conference 1884-1885 |
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Definition
The Berlin Conference established ground rules for carving up the African continent
European powers annex their territories in Africa
New annexations would not be recognized unless the territory had been effectively occupied |
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Term
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Definition
run by a small group of military and administrative officers as an extension of the European state
The structure of the colonial state varied
Colonies with large white settler populations- Restrictions placed on social and economic choices, i.e. production of certain crops, most fertile land was given to the white settlers- Kenya and Rhodesia
Indirect rule- Modified traditional and political structures to suite European needs- northern Nigeria. Nigeria emerged from the colonial era experiencing very little development
Colonial powers often created chiefs and a few Africans held an “assimilated” status |
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Term
| The three facets of colonial economic policy were |
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Definition
New crops
New modes of production
The construction of infrastructure |
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Term
White settlers:
A secured supply of cheap African labor |
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Definition
| to make ends meet, many Africans had to sell their labor to the European farmers. The colonial state often resorted to forced-labor recruitment to guarantee enough workers for commercial European ventures |
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Term
White settlers:
Access to overseas markets |
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Definition
| the levying of taxes on all Africans, as well as legislated restrictions on African’s access to commercial markets for livestock and cash crops, further ensured a ready supply of labor |
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Term
White settlers:
Control of the most desirable land |
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Definition
| those Africans who had controlled the land were forced to move to newly created reserve lands that were often located in areas with less fertile soils and that were overcrowded |
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Term
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Definition
in Kenya around 1952-1960. It was an insurgency by Kenyan rebels against British colonial rule
1st modern guerrilla war
A state of emergency declared by the British colonial government of Kenya in 1952 in an attempt to subdue the movement among black Kenyans for political and civil rights |
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Term
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Definition
the extension of a nation’s sovereignty over territory beyond its borders but the establishment of either settlers or exploitation colonies in which indigenous populations are directly ruled, displaced, or exterminated
Also refers to an ideology or a set of beliefs used to legitimize or promote this system
A short period in Sub Saharan Africa that transformed the region politically, economically, and socially |
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Term
| Civil Society... "Is There Civil Society In Africa?" |
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Definition
organized groups that exist between, and help mediate relations between, the state and society as a whole
A collection of institutions whose members are engaged in primarily in a complex of non-state activities and who in this way preserve and transform their identity by exercising all sorts of pressures to control upon state institutions
It includes trade unions, religious organizations, resident, student, business, and other special interest associations, the media, and other various NGOs
Civil society is largely focused on people struggles against authoritarian rulers, repressive regimes, and governments that violate human rights
Some western social scientists content that African civil society should mirror those in western liberal democracies |
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Term
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Definition
Colonial regimes actively discourage the formation of civic groups which have participated in the political processes in their countries
The only civic groups in colonial Africa consisted of the white settlers and colonists themselves
The colonial governments throughout Africa destroyed most of the civic groups and organizations that existed prior to the advent of colonial rule |
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Term
| Modern manifestation of civil society |
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Definition
The modern manifestation of civil society has been effective in bringing about social and political change. A continent-wide shift from authoritarian one-party systems of government to multi-party systems
Starting in 1990, the number of political protests in SSA rose from 20 incidents annually during the 1980s, to a peak of some 86 major protest events across 30 countries in 1991 |
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Term
| The weaknesses of African civil society |
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Definition
To expect African’s civil society to be as vibrant and dynamic as that in some developed countries after so short a period is to be very inconsiderate
The obstacles to overcome:
The role of media- censorship
The role of business- foreign owned or indigenous
The role of foreign donors- relies heavily on foreign aid, get donor $$ under certain conditions |
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