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| the most general groupings of languages being interrelated (group of related languages derived from common ancestor) |
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| reduced interaction over a period of time leads to an increasing number of linguistic changes that are not shared |
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| Being able to speak two languages. |
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| Ability to speak multiple languages. |
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| Simplified language that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. (Commonly used by two trading groups who don’t share a language) |
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| A language derived from a pidgin language that has acquired a fuller vocabulary and has become the native language of its speakers. More advanced! |
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| Example of Pidgin language that means “talk business.” Derived from english and spoken in Papua new guinea. |
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| a second language that people who speak various mother tongues can all use to talk to each other, business, politics and commerce |
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| growing apart linguistically |
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| when groups come into contact |
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| An area protected by isolation or inhospitable environmental conditions in which a language or a dialect has survived. ex: Siberia |
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| A process of cultural assimilation that gives a French character to a word, an ethnicity or a person. |
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| Afro-Asiatic language family (Semitic-Hamitic) |
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| Includes Arabic (Spoken in Middle East and Northern Africa) |
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| Sino-Tibetan language family- |
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| includes Chinese (spoken in China, Taiwan and Singapore) |
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| Niger-Congo language family |
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| dominates Africa south of the Sahara desert; Bantu subgroup of Niger-Congo family;Swahili language |
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| representatives of this group live mainly on tropical islands stretching from madagascar, off the east coast of Africa, through Indonesia and the pacific islands, to hawaii and taiwan |
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| Austro-Asiatic language family |
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| include the Vietnamese, ambodians, thais and some tribal peoples of Malaysia and parts of India |
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| finnish and hungarian are the two more widely spoken uralic tongues |
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| Indo-European language family |
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| includes English, Spanish, Hindi/Urdu, Bengali, Portuguese, Russian |
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| Romance subfamily (also known as Latin subfamily) |
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| Catalan, French, Italian, Portuguese, Provencal, Romansch, Romanian, Spanish, Galician |
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| West Germanic (low and high German), East Germanic (gothic), North Germanic |
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| Made up of West Slavic, East Slavic, South Slavic (Russian) |
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| A place name, usually consisting of two part, the generic and the specific. |
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| A centralized authority that enforces a single political, economic and legal system within its territorial boundaries. Often used synonymously with “country.” |
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| A community of people who share a common language, culture, ethnicity, descent or history. |
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| The study of the interactions among space, place and region and the conduct and results of elections. |
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| the redrawing of lines by state representatives that apportions districts in the region by establishing borders |
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| cleavage lines crossed to create districts that have a majority of voters favoring the party in power or some politically important ethnic group |
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Types of Gerrymandering
packing- concentrating as many voters of one type as possible into a single electoral district to reduce their influence in other districts
cracking- involves spreading out voters of a particular type among many districts in order to deny them a sufficiently large voting bloc in any particular district |
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| traditional orientation of citizens of a nation toward politics (varies from place to place) |
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| an independent nation and functional region |
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| your social identity is based on the nation you belong to |
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divided among several countries (Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, etc) but wants independence
good example of how there can be nations that are not states |
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| influence of geography and environment on political entities (nations); geographic knowledge in the service of defense and conquest |
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there are links between ideology and power
intellectuals of state construct ideas about places, these ideas have influence and reinforce their political behaviors and policy choices |
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| the world can be taken over from the Eurasian continent because of its resource rich area (heartland) that could form a great empire; based on environmental determinism |
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| came up with heartland theory |
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| political core & periphery (or core, domain & sphere) |
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core political powers enlarge their territory by annexing adjacent lands. Resources, people, and capital investment flow between the two.
The core is the node of the function region |
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| a district surrounded by a country but not ruled by it (Ex: Vatican city in Italy) |
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| a bit of a state that is separated from the rest of the state (Ex: Alaska for the U.S.) |
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| follow the natural landscape such as river or mountain ridge |
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| drawn as straight lines with no regard for physical or cultural traits |
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| a state’s right to control its own affairs within its territory |
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| supranational political organization |
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| when a country gives up a portion of its sovereignty to get closer political association with its neighboring states |
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| Commonwealth of Independent States, shadow of the former Soviet Union |
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| Association of Southeast Asian Nations Asian version of EU; political, trade |
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| military action designed to neutralize a potential threat or to gain an advantage against an enemy |
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| Political scientist who saw the world as being divided by cultures; interaction produces tension and conflict; we do not need to try to help/teach/learn from each other |
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| wrote The End of History, |
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| symbol in politics; politics of symbols |
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| aim to convert all humankind (Christianity and Islam) |
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| religion that appeals to a specific group of people in a specific area of the world |
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| consist of natural and or human made sites that possess special religious meaning that is recognized as worthy of devotion, loyalty, fear or esteem |
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| belief that attributes spiritual essence to plants, animals, and inanimate objects |
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| keeping religion out of government; belief in science |
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| diffusion based process where religion is eroded by popular culture |
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| religion that recognizes Muhammad as the prophet of God, Allah, proselytic and monotheistic, more than a billion followers |
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| sect of Islam, they believe that only descendents of Muhammad should rule |
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| sect of Islam, they believe that rulers don’t need to be descendents of Muhammad |
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| place of worship for Muslims |
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| Muslim holy city, site of pilgrimage |
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| based on teachings of Prince Siddhartha, 4 noble truths, try to overcome desire |
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| focus on meditation and the release of attachments; dominant in Sri lanka and mainland Southeast Asia |
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| belief in enlightened beings who could leave the cycle of death and rebirth but are reincarnated in order to help |
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| variation of Buddhism that prevails in Tibet and Mongolia. Emphasis on rituals and visualization |
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| meditation and intuition, rather than faith |
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polytheistic
Different Gods:
Vishnu, Shiva, Devi |
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| based on humility compassion and moderation, natural force balances the universe |
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| stopping, calming, resting, healing |
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| eternal truth within each human being |
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| a person’s experiences are a result of thoughts and deeds in their past life |
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| system of social hierarchy in India |
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| religious culture hearths (be able to locate them) |
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| a focused geographic area where important innovations are born and from which they are spread. Many religions mandate periodic return of the faithful to these culture hearths in order to confirm or renew their faith. (ex:Semitic, Indus-Ganges, East Asian) |
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| traditional east asian concept of landscape and interior space in terms of position and various kinds of power |
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| - method of divination that interprets markings on the ground or the patterns formed by tossed handfuls of soil, rocks, or sand |
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| - Journey of spiritual or moral significance |
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places with religious meaning
ex: Ayers Rock in Australia is sacred to Aboriginal animism |
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| refers to place names that have some religious charge to them or that have been impacted by a religious mission (ex. Mission Viejo, a city in Cali, was named after a mission run by Spanish priests) |
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homeland of an ethnicity.
Ex: for the Irish it’s Ireland |
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| British agitated for uprising against the ottoman empire then broke promise to support local self rule; secret agreement between the british and the french |
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| “nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and judicial rights of the Jewish communities...” |
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| a collection of islands separated by Israeli settlements and checkpoints |
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| movement, migration, or scattering of people away from an established or ancestral homeland |
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| envision returning to the homeland in Judaism; grew from a hearth in Switzerland, claiming the right to Palestine as a Jewish homeland,(liberation movement of Jewish people) |
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| wall that physically separates Israel and Palestine west bank, over the green line which was set during the armistice of 1949 |
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| this term refers to the lines that demarcate Israel in accordance to israel and its neighbors (Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, and syria) in the armistice of 1949. after the Arad-Israel war of 1948. The green line also marks the line between Israel and the territories captured during the 6 day war |
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points where everyone and everything passing through needs to be checked
they are designed to support the security of israeli settlements.
These tremendously affect travel time among these settlements |
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