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| black topsoil, one of the world's most fertile soils |
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| emporer of russia prior to the russian revolution of 1917 and the subsequent creation of the soviet union in 1922 |
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| type of economic sytem in which production of goods and services is determined by a central government, which usually owns the means of production |
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| enormous farm in soviet union on which a large team of laborers were gathered to work together during Joseph Stalin's reign |
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| Aryan system of social classes in India and one of the cornerstones of Hinduism in which each person is born into a caste and can only move into a different caste through reincarnation |
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| movement based on the teachings of confucious, a chinese philosopher who lived about 500bc, confucius stressed the inportance of education in an ordered society in which one respects one;s elders and obeys the government |
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| a policy of complete separation of the races , instituted by the white minority government of south africa in 1948 |
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| ringlike coral island or string of small islands surrounding a lagoon |
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| a conference of 14 european nations held in 1884 to 1885 in berlin, germany to establish rules for political control of africa |
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| religion originated in India about 500bc and spread to china where it grew into a major religion by ad400 |
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| a shrine in jerusalem located on the temple mount which houses the spot where muslims belive Muhammad rose into heaven and where jews beliebe abraham prepared to sacrifice his son isaac to God |
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| a deep slope with a nearly flat plateau on top |
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| a country with rapid economic growth due to cheap labor, high technology and aggressive exports |
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| a struggle between the british empire and the russian empire for control of central asia in the 19th century |
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| dominant religion of india |
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| monotheistic religion based on teachings of the prophet muhammad and the biggest cultural and religious influence on north africa |
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| Strict, literal adherence to the law or to a particular code, as of religion or morality |
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| nearly continuous belt of evergreen coniferous forests across the northern hemisphere in north america and euarsia |
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| russian term for dinner party with many dishes and courses, toasts, and short speeches |
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| 4000 mile route between china and the mediterranean sea, named for the costly silk aquired in china |
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| A member of a chiefly pastoral people of Kenya and parts of Tanzania |
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| a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area |
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| one in which people use lineages or families whose members are descended from a common ancestor to govern themselves |
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| an agricultural or mining product that can be sold |
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| a riverbed that remains dry except during the rainy seasons |
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| the founder and a prophet of islam who lived part of his life in the city of mecca |
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| islamic place of worship, where muslims pray facing toward the holy city of mecca |
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| government in which religious leaders control the government, relying on religious law and consultaion with religious scholars |
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| for jews, holiest site in jerusalem, the only remaining portion of the second temple built in 538bc and destroyed by the romans in ad70 |
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| movement that began in the 19th century to create and support a jewish homeland in palestine |
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| An ancient region of southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq. Probably settled before 5000 B.C., the area was the home of numerous early civilizations, part of the cultural hearth known as the Fertile Crescent |
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| one of two main branches of islam, comprising about 83% of all muslims, including those in turkey, iraw, and afghanistan |
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| one of two main branches of islam including most iranians and some populations of iraq and afghanistan |
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| period of british rule in india which lasted for nearly 200 years form 1857 to 1847 |
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| islamic practice of month long fasting from sunup to sundown |
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| in tibetan buddhism, a geometric design that symbolizes the universe and aids in meditation |
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| a person of tibetan ancestry in nepal who seves as the trditional mountain guide of the mount everst region |
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| a ruler of a muslim country |
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| a method of dividing foreign control in china after the country was forced to sign a series of treaties granting special privileges to the europeans. china was partitioned for control by britain, france, germany, and russia |
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| leader of communists in china who defeated the nationalists in 1949; he died in 1976 |
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| A principal philosophy and system of religion of China based on the teachings of Lao-tzu in the sixth century B.C. who believed in preserving and restoring harmony in the individual, with nature, and in the universe, with little inference from government and ased on the book Tao Te Ching |
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| professional soldier in Japan who seved the interests of landowners and clan chiefs |
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| the general of the emporer's army with the powers of a military dictator, a position created by the Japanese emperor in 1192 after a struggle between two powerful clans |
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| the dry unpopulated inland region of australia |
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| a small ship used in the lagoons of islands where pacific islanders settled |
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| a large ship developed by pacific islanders to sail the ocean |
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| a tropical asian plant with a starchy root which can be eaten as a boiled vegetable or made into breads, puddings or a paste called poi |
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| in australia, the law case that upheld Aboriginal Eddie Mabo's land claim by which the court recognized that aboriginal people had owned land before the british arrived |
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| in australia, the court ruled in this case that aboriginal people could claim land held under a pastoral lease |
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