Shared Flashcard Set

Details

GEOGRAPHY FINAL FLASHCARDS
flashcards
103
Geography
Undergraduate 1
05/18/2011

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Igneous Rocks
Definition
formed by volcanoes above/below ground
Term
Intrusive Rock
Definition
Formed by the cooling of magma in underground pockets of
Term
Extrusive
Definition
rocks formed by lava cooling on the surface, forming small crystals
Term
sedimentary rock
Definition
formed by collection of sediment pressured and cemented 
Term
clastic
Definition
formed by fragments of other rocks
Term
pyroclastic
Definition
volcanic rock broken+ ashy material
Term
evaporites
Definition
liquid evaporates and leaves minerals behind
Term
organic
Definition
made up of pervious living organisms
Term
metamorphic rock
Definition

rock changed by pressure and heat 

I.E; limestone into marble

Term
Rock cycle 
Definition

Magma=Igneous=sediment=sedimentary rock=metamorphic=magma

cooling=weathering=compaction=heat=melting=cooling

Term
evidence for continental drift
Definition
continents, ice, rocks, plants and animals all match
Term
sea floor spreading
Definition
lithospheric plates move and magma floats into the ocean
Term
3 types of contact betwen plates
Definition

convergent- push towards-make mountains

transform -push past- cause faults (san andreas)

divergent- pull apart- make oceans

Term
Diastrophism
Definition

deformation of the earth's crust via:

Faulting; breaking/slipping and sliding of crust

Folding; crust bends in wavelike ridges

upfolds;anticlines

downfolds;synclines  

Term
faulting
Definition

broken by faults

types of faults;

normal; one block goes over other

transform; two blocks slide apart

overthrust; one block goes over other

Term
vulcanism
Definition
volcanic activity
Term
two forms of studing landforms
Definition

empirical; descrpitive; study shape, size angle of slope

genetical; study orgins; underlying rock mass, porcesses sculpting, stages of development


Term
what 2 opposing forces does genetic approach look at?
Definition

endogenic; forces from within

two basic forces; diastrophis; earths movement

vulcanism; magma

exogenic; wearing of lands from outside

Term
intrusive igneous rock
Definition
magam cools under surface and forms large crystals 
Term
examples of intrusive igneous rock
Definition

batholith; huge mass made of granite 100 thousand miles large

laccolith; not as long as batholith

sill; horizontal flow of magma

veins; minerals that flow out the magma chamber

dikes; push way though other rocks

small doby of igneous rock introduced to older rock

Term
extrusive igneous rock features
Definition
solidify in the open air quickly
Term
caldera
Definition
volcanic crater caused by erruption causing lip to collapse 
Term
pahoehoe vs AA lava
Definition
Pahoehoe is smooth and fast moving vs aa slow and roughness
Term
magma chamber
Definition
formed by rising heat/magma causing rocks to mels and magma to subside leading eventaully to collapse
Term
aeolian processes
Definition
actions/caused by winds
Term
deflation hollows
Definition
shallow basins marked by desert pavement surfaces
Term
yardangs
Definition
low ridges formed parralle to prevailing wind directions
Term
erg
Definition
sea of sand in which dunes- accumulations of sand that are shaped by wind actions- lie in
Term
types of sand dunes
Definition

Barchans; crescent shaped/convex side facing agianst winds

Parabolic;cresent shaped facing wind 

Transverse; right angle ridge straight or slightly curved

Longitudinal; parrallel to prevailing winds

Loess; dust laid down by wind after long distance blowing

 

Term
Weathering 
Definition

exogenic- on the surface- force

two types;

mechanical; disintegation

chemical; high temps speed process of chemicals

Term
examples of mechanical-phyiscal- weathering 
Definition

granular disintegration; 

exfoliation; layers peel off; granite

block separation

shattering; ice in rocks break it; heating/cooling

unloading; rocks exposed and pressure realeased breaks them

slaking; clif under the cliff gets bigger and bigger; cliff drops

wedging; roots break rock

talus slope; rock pile fallen (35-37 angle) 

Term
chemical weathering
Definition

chemical content of rocks has changed

ex; caverns/caves

Term
columnar joints
Definition
lava cools and forms vertical columns 
Term
cliffside
Definition
volcanic material; columnar joints: mechanical and chemical weathering 
Term
where is chemical weathering most common
Definition
more common in the tropics/warmer weather
Term
Karst
Definition
carbon acid wears down rocks, calicium carbonate fizzes up and limestone is worn away leaving a cave
Term
stalactites vs stalagmites
Definition

stalactites;from celing down

stalagmites; from ground up

Term
what causes erosions
Definition

mass wasting; erosin by strees/force of gravity

water

glaciers

waves/oceans aka coastal processes

wind

Term
types of mass wasting
Definition

soil creep; slow movement of soil down slope(crooked fences)

solifluction; special soil creep with constant freezing/thawing; causes rocks

slump; large piece of land caves in and rotates down slowly

mudflow; dry climates mixed with water

alluvia fans; fan shaped deposit from a mountain by a stream

landslides; large amounts of mass slide in seconds

rock fall; weathered rocks drop to foot of a cliff 

 

Term
erosion 
Definition
caused by water runoff which comes from rain, flows into a creek, into a rivier into the ocean
Term
splash erosion
Definition
raindrops dislodge soil particles making them easier to move for overland water flow
Term
sheet runoff
Definition
water moves as broad sheets over land
Term
rill erosion
Definition
uniformed small grooves along slopes caused by run off
Term
drainage basin
Definition
area drained by a stream
Term
stream orders
Definition

1st order; no tributaries

2nd order; two first order streams meet

3rd order; 2 second orders meet

4th order; 2 third order streams meet

Term
drainage density 
Definition

number of streams found in an area

<12; course/low drainage density 

12-16; medium

17-40; high

>40; badlands; badly eroded; soft/sandy/lack of veggies

Term
playfairs law
Definition
valleys are created by streams
Term

drainage patters

 

Definition

dendritic; tree like

trellis; trees out both sides

rectangular;like a rectangal

parallel; parralell to river

deranged;crazy

radial;reside out the middle

braided; like a braid

Term
stream erosion processes
Definition

stream weathering; breaks rocks surrounding 

stream transportation; erosion 

deposition; where it ends

Term
types of stream weathering 
Definition

hydrolic action; forces water by pushing it against rocks

abrasion; water with small pieces rub over rock

corrosion; acid in water disoloves rock

 

Term

stream transportation

 

Definition

bed load; large rocks on the bottom

suspended load; little particels trans ported by water not always on top

solution; minerals dissolve and end up in ocean(causes the ocean to be salty)

 

Term

cycle of a stream

 

Definition

Young stream; v shape/no flood/deep valley

early youth;

late youth; 

maturity;

rejuvenation;

Term
oxbow lake
Definition
loop gets cut by dirt
Term
yazoo streams
Definition
small stream flows along floodplain and into a large waterway
Term
deltas
Definition

formation of a delta; velocity of stream slows/gets clogged

arcuate delta; spread farther down the river (nile)

birds foot delta; forms in shallow water and spreads

cuspate delta; strong onshore current/wind pushes against the shore

Estuarine delta; bay gets filled and extends to flood plain

Term
aeolian processes
Definition
actions of the wind
Term
waves
Definition
formed by a criclular wave, forms and moves toward the land 
Term
wavelength 
Definition
distance from top of one wave to another
Term
wave crest
Definition
highest point of a wave
Term
wave trough
Definition
lowest part of a wave
Term
wave height
Definition
crest to trough w
Term
swash
Definition
forward movement of wave onto beach
Term
backswash
Definition
water receding from beach
Term
beach drift
Definition
material transported down the beach
Term
longshore currect
Definition
current that runs along coast- transports material
Term
wave refraction
Definition
waves bend towards shore straightening as they progress
Term
headland
Definition
the portion of the bay that protrudes
Term
wave cut platforms
Definition
small stump like stacks in ocean cut by waves
Term
sea stacks
Definition
large peices of rock in the middle of the sea
Term
spit
Definition
deposit built up by longshore currents
Term
baymouth bar
Definition
spits streched across and seals off bay 
Term
cuspate bar
Definition
straight on one side but cut on the other by currents from both directions
Term
tombolo
Definition
bar/spit that conects island with mainland
Term
types of coastline
Definition

submergeence; land drops below sea level; irregular in shap

emergence; land below sea pushes up; straight

neutral; alluvial fans, deltas, corals; usually tropical

Term
types of corals 
Definition

all; 68 F, shallow,, salty and clean

fringing reef; coral grows around island

barrier reef; coral grows over old coral skeletons

Term
atoll
Definition
only circular portion of reefs remain- rasied/pushed up
Term
how is a glacier formed
Definition
it snows, turns to ice, soldifies as a glacier, slides down, reaches lake/ocean, breaks into icebergs, starts over 
Term
structure of a glacier
Definition

firnfeild; top

zone of accumulation; snow falws and accumaltes causing pressure

zone of ablation; more melting than accumulation 

 

Term
cirques
Definition

depressions caused by glaciers plucking materials as they move

 

Term

what does glaciation cause

 

Definition

moraines; deposits found at bottom of a glacier

medial moraines; two glaciers meet and the moraines join together

aretes; sharp ridges between 2 adjoining cirques

cols; pass through ridge

horns; riques coming up from 3 or 4 directions

 

Term
alpine glaciers
Definition

 develop in mountains; restricted by this

cause tarns; like cirques minus the ridges

u shape valleys 

waterfall valleys

truncate spurs; two or more glaciers leaving flat land around the hanging valley

Term
continetal glaciers 
Definition

limited; large land mass; created great lakes

wisconsin ice age; 10,000 years ago this happened

 

Term
glacial ice
Definition

most important source of non-salty water

calving; chunks of ice break off-float in the salt water

 

Term

outwash plain

 

Definition

forms near the end of the glacier

extensive fluvial featurs

smooth

desposits 

 

Term
till
Definition
rocky debris depositied by moving/melting ice
Term
Kettle
Definition
ponds
Term
esker
Definition

long winding ridge left behind by glacier 

 

Term
drumlins
Definition

eggshaped hills 

tells of glaciers direction

stoss side; direction from where it came

lee side; jagged rocks/plucked objects

Term
roche mountonee
Definition
smooth sides landform caused by moving ice
Term
kame
Definition
relatively steep sided mound composed drift/deposits and lef over ice sheet material
Supporting users have an ad free experience!