1. plateau continent that is physiographically unique

2. comprised of dozens of nations and hundreds of ethnic groups

3. a realm of people dependent on farming for livelihood

4. State boundaries represent colonial legacies

5. Dislocated peoples and refugees

6.  Raw materials and resource potential

7.  Largest refugee population worldwide

1.  Climate variability 

2.  Land tenure

3.  Political and economic policies

- Land alienation under colonialism

- Persistent subsistence

- Trade barriers in rich countries

- New communication technology (cell phones)

It is an extraordinary laboratory.

Millions suffer from:  malaria, river blindness, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, AIDS, bilharzia

1.  A port along the West African coast

2.  A water route to South Asia and Southeast Asia

3.  1500s--looking for resources, slaves

4.  1850s--industrial revolution occurs in Europe (increased demand for mineral resources and need to expand agricultural prodcution)

1.  African peoples were divided

2.  Unified regions were ripped apart

3.  Hostile societies were thrown together

4.  Hinterlands were disrupted

5.  Migrations routes were closed off

Exploitation

Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique

- First to enslave and colonize and one of the last to grant independece

- Maintained rigid control; raw resource oriented

Paternalistic

Rwanda, The Congo, Burundi

- Treated Africans as though they were children who need to be tutored in Western ways; did not try to make them Belgian

- Raw resource oriented; ignored development of natives

- Several hundred languages are spoken

- Antagonism between tribes (e.g. Rwanda)

- Low level of development linked to colonization

- Transportation facilities--movement of goods is from the interior to coastal outlets

- Communication within Africa is impeded by desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers in certain regions

- Dual economy remains intact; most states rely on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to world markets

Indirect Rule

Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe

- Indigenous power structures were left intact to some degree and local rulers were made representatives of the crown

Assimilationist

Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.

- Enforced a direct rule which propogated French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation)

1.  Population distribution

2.  Urbanization

3.  African languages (Lingua franca and multilingualism)

4.  Relgions (Christianity, Islam, and tribal relgions)

- At the heart of the land hemisphere

- Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world

- Every part of Europe is close to the sea

- Navigable waterways

- Moderate distances

- Began in 1750s

- Based on new agriculture innovations

- Enabled increased food production

- Enable sustained population increase

1. Western extremity of Eurasia

2. Remains a region with world influence

3. High degrees of specialization

4. Lingering manufacturing dominance

5. Numerous nation-states.

6. Urbanized population

7. High standards of living

8. Population implosion

9. International economic integration

- classic model in geography

- fashioned in 1826 to explain the economic patterns developing around European cities

- based on 4 concentric land-use rings surrounding a marketplace

- land use was a function of transportation costs

- the isolated state model became the foundation for the modern location theory

1. Central uplands.

2. Alpine Mountains

3. Western uplands.

4. North European Lowland

- developed in the UK between 1750 and 1850

- evolved from technical innovations in British industry

- proved to be a major catalyst for increased urbanization

- great variety of languages and dialects

- many (but not all0 are part of the indo-European language family

- examined the influences the affect industrial location, and activity at specific points

- agglomerative forces

- deglomerative forces

- sharing equipment, transport, labor skills

- advantage of London, Paris, other cities without nearby raw materials

- congestion

- competition for space

- environmental pollution

- over-burdening infrastructure

- movement across geographic space

- involves contact b/t people in 2 or more places, for the purpose of exchanging goods or ideas, to satisfy needs in both areas

1. Complementarity:  surpluses of different goods in different places

2. Transferability:  ease of movement between places

3. Intervening opportunity:  presences of cheaper or better supply than acts to diminish the attractiveness of more distant sources and sites

- falling share of world's population

- fertility at an all-time low

- fewer young people

- smaller working-age population

- immigration partially offsetting losses

- lack of cultural integration with immigrants

- French Revolution (began 1789)

- Also in Netherlands and Scandinavia

- Reforms in Britain

- Spread of mass education and participation

- Nationalism and nation-states

- Centripetal (unity) and centrifugal (for disunity) forces

-highly urbanized region

- primate city

-urbanization

-smaller family size

- longer life spans

1. Latitudinal position (far north)

1. Short growing seasons

2. Drought prone

3. Erosion (accelerated via snow melt)

1. high energy consumption

2. Specialized, expensive equipment and facilities

1. Russian Plain 

2. Ural Mountains

3. West Siberian Plain