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| Environmental Determinism |
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Definition
The natural environment (climate, ecology) is the most significant factor in determining cultural differences and in determining a countries ability to prosper
The environment you grow up in determines the local culture is like-from what food is grown to social traits (laziness) <-- those traits determine whether country is successful |
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| The theory that the natural environment of Europe and the western world is superior to that of other parts of the world, and as a result, has led westerners to progress further or fasters than other peoples. |
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| Culture shapes/determines the visible features of the Earth's surface, as well as the composition of the ecosystem. |
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| The number of people (or animals) that can be sustained in one area (or over the whole earth) indefinitely with a particular lifestyle (type of technology and consumption). |
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| Marginalization and Degradation |
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Definition
| the process in which politically and socially marginal people are pushed into ecologically marginal spaces (places not ideally suited for agriculture). Individuals are forced to work the landscape harder in order to survive, and as a result, they degrade the environment. Social and political marginalization → environmental degradation |
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| the rate of each person’s impact is influenced by their affluence (lifestyle-how much resources they consume) and by technology (e.g. their use of machines that require energy). |
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| Kuznets argued that as technological development occurs (e.g. use of industrial machinery), human impact on the environment and environmental degradation will increase. However, after reaching a threshold, environmental regulation and affluence will increase, and as a result, human impact on the environment will decrease. |
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| Induced Agricultural Intensification |
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Definition
| Boserup argued that population growth is the root of innovation and civilization. As the population grows there are more demands for food. These demands inspire innovation, and as a result, people come up with technological advances that increase the land’s productive ability per unit land area. |
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Term
| The Market response model |
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Definition
| a theory that argues that the scarcity of environmental goods and services sets into motion a series of adaptions to rising prices that results in increasing (original or alternative) resource availability. |
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| the purchase or long term lease of large areas of land from mostly poor, developing countries (eg Kenya) by wealthier, food insecure nations (e.g. Qutar) |
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| 3 Types of Food Insecurity |
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Definition
1. Physical insecurity- your country doesn't have the type of land that can grow food, ex. Gulf states, Kuwait
2. Future insecurity- your country has land that can grow food, but you have a growing population
3. Lack of access- your country's land can produce food but you don't have access to that land or to that food |
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| Control over one's own food supply |
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| controlling a country, not by military force (like with colonialism), but through economic or cultural forces |
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| Three types of water scarcity |
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Definition
1. Hydrological Scarcity = lack of ground and surface water
2. Techno-economic scarcity = plenty of ground and surface water, but lack of infrastructure and money --> lack of access to clean drinking water.
3.Perceptual Scarcity = plenty of ground and surface water and plenty of access to clean drinking water. but belief = bottled water is healthier or safer. |
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| creating a demand for a product that people don't need so people will buy that product |
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| Analysis of the environmental impact of a product by analyzing it's stages of life from manufacture to disposal |
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Geography determines a country's success.
4 Physical factors |
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Definition
A. Ability for agricultural-you need a lot for success
B. natural boundaries- rivers, mountains and jungles
C. Water availability H20
D. When you spend less time getting food you have more time to develop other skills
E. large population means more innovation
China --> Yellow and Yianzi River - development. Chinese empires between these two rivers. Great for growing crops, population exploding. No boundaries like mountains, deserts etc. |
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Term
| Practices that Euro-Enviornmentalism justified and why |
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Definition
Euro-environmentalism- it justifies colonialism
It justifies b/c of the natural environment of Europe has led them to progress further/faster than other people |
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| Do those in line with the cultural landscape perspective see European/Western culture as necessarily progressive? |
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Definition
Those in line with cultural landscape don't see Europeans\Westerners progressive.
B/c its more destructive than other culture and it uses more of Earth's limited resources |
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| Methodology for reading cultural landscape |
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Definition
-describes the area of the natural and cultural landscape (what do you see)
-how have we changed the natural landscape? What is the environmental impact of our lives on earth?
-what does the landscape tell us about our past cultures
Car Culture: paving roads - changes ecosystem, emits pollutants
Pet Culture: create a more active society, walking, not using fossil fuels
Lawn Culture: more we water lawn, less water for necessities: drinking/cooking |
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| Malthusian/Hartmann's Views on population, hunger, and environmental degradation |
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Definition
Malthusian views on pop, hunger and environ degrad
-he believes that high population causes issue
the problem is population growth
the solution is reduce population growth through sterilization and contraception
Hartmann Unequal access causes famine, hunger, poverty, environmental, high populations
Problem is unequal access to resources
Solution is distribution of finite resources |
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| I=P+A+T to estimate environmental impact |
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Definition
Impact= population +affluence + technology
If you were to give to us the information you would be able to decide who environmental impact |
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Definition
1. Population ignores how population is distributed
2. Affluence is not weighted heavily enough
3. Technology does not have to have a negative impact on the environment
4. The calculation is missing an "M" (military) |
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| 3 Types of Market Based Solutions for environmental problems. |
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Definition
1. green taxes
-tax certain a goods to increases prices because high prices leads to a search for new sources, substitutions, conservation, and alternatives
-incentivize behavior
- towns are running out of landfill space so they require citizens to buy special trash bags, increase cost in trash disposal leads to a decrease in trash flow from households
2. Cap and trade
-government sets a maximum on a type of pollutant. Ones firm reduces pollutant to 300 tons and sells ability to pollute 400 tons to another firm
- rewards efficiency
-caps on factories=700 tons carbon. Factory A can reduced carbon emissions to 300 via tech and can sell 400 carbon credits
3. Green Consumption
-consumers change production systems to benefits the environment by voting with their money
-willingness to pay
-organic food |
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| Limitations of Cap and Trade, Green Consumption, and other limitations of market-based solutions |
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Definition
Limitations of cap and trade-
-doesn't consider geography,
-doesn't address the politics of how much pollution/emissions should be allowed
Limitations of green consumption-
Greenwashing- the exaggerated or false marketing of a product, goods, or services as environmentally (or animal welfare) friendly |
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Term
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Definition
1. Foreign investors will bring positive economic development to Africa in the form of agricultural technology, infrastructure, and jobs.
Monocropping: practice of growing a single crop year after year = high yield
Biodiversity |
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Term
| Land grabbing is not a win-win |
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Definition
1. Leaves no place for the small subsistence farmer. People lose their land and homes.
2. Neocolonial act: threatens local food security and food sovereignty. Many targeted nations are lack of access food insecure nations
3. Industrial mono-cropping will harm biodiversity and long term food production. |
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| Which countries are dealing with what types of food scarcity? |
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Definition
1. Physical Insecurity - Gulf States: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qutar, United Arab Emirates, Oman
2. Future Insecurity - China, India, South Korea
3. Lack of Access - Kenya |
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| Life Cycle assessment to assess environmental impact of plastic water bottles. |
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Definition
Stage 1: extraction of raw materials (birth) - plastic/petroleum
Stage 2: Processing and production - making the bottles, putting water in them
Stage 3: Transport and Distribution - shipped to stores
-Consumer Phase-
Stage 4: Disposal (end of life) - put on mountain in India |
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