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Geography 5
Final
285
Geography
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2010

Additional Geography Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Definition of Geography
Definition
study of the earth as the home of humanity
Term
literal meaning of "geography"
Definition
ancient greek work meaning “earth writing”
Term
Early History of Geography: Land surveying and agriculture
Definition
identifying locations on the earth
Geodicy- measure of the earth
Term
Early History of Geography: Astronomy
Definition
• Observations of the heaven
• depends on where you’re located on the earth
Term
Early History of Geography: Trade
Definition
• Knowing about variations in cultural practices in different parts of the earth
Term
Early History of Geography: Military Activity
Definition
• Geography is essential
• They need to know about the enemies land, their people, what they have, where to hide, where to defend from
Term
Scholarly Traditions: Literacy
Definition
expedition writing, log books, diaries
Term
Scholarly Traditions: Cartographic (maps)
Definition
Geographers love maps
Term
Scholarly Traditions: Mathematical
Definition
Land surveying, calculate different shapes, calculus, algebra, geometry
Term
Regional Approach (general)
Definition
o Take a region and focus on it
o An explanation of a specific reason to focus on both physical and human aspects
o Tend to be more descriptive
o Lots of writing and cartography
Term
Systematic Approach (specific)
Definition
o pick one thematic area/system and how it works anywhere that it operates
• urban geographer studies cities the way they look and how they work
• geography of cities in general
Term
object conceptualization
Definition
places on (near) the earths surface
EX: mountains, lakes, rivers, oceans, atmospheric clouds, rocks forests, cities, cornfields, factories, internet connections, airplane hubs
Term
field conceptualization (surfaces)
Definition
Waves, a field has no empty space
can identify the presence of some property always
Term
Antological distinction between objects and fields
Definition
objects- identify the edges
Fields- can't identify an edge or an end
Term
Dimensionality of Features
Definition
0 Dimension is a point
1 Dimension- roads, rivers railroads
2 Dimension- citites
3 Dimension- cold fronts, warm fronts
Term
Absolute Location
Definition
Giving it a latitude and longitude
Term
Relative Location
Definition
Defining the location relative to another location
Term
Site
Definition
describes characteristics of that place
Term
Situation
Definition
describing by relationship to other places
Term
Distance
Definition
Any measure of what it takes to over come the separation between places
Term
Direction
Definition
distance is greater in some directions than others
Term
density
Definition
the number of features per unit at a higher dimensionality
Term
dispersion
Definition
scattered
Term
concentration
Definition
clustered
Term
central place theory
Definition
the non random distribution of cities and towns
Term
spatial association (convariation)
Definition
when two different sets of data have something in common
Term
phenomenon scale
Definition
the actual size of something in reality
Term
analysis scale
Definition
the size at which we study or measure features or processes
Term
cartographic scale
Definition
the size of a map relative to the size of the piece of earth its representing
Term
generalization
Definition
more generalized map is less detailed
less generalized map is more detailed
Term
Characteristics of Regions
Definition
o location
o size (area)
o boundary vagueness
• not always clearly inside or outside the region
o boundary permeability varies
• energy, info, resources
o Hierarchical organization
• Large regions that have smaller regions
• Countries have states/provinces
Term
types of regions: Administrative
Definition
created by law/treaty (cities, states)
Term
types of regions: thematic
Definition
defined by 1 or more objectively measurable themes
do not have precise boundaries
non-uniform membership functions
ex: soil, dialect cultural
Term
types of regions: functional
Definition
defined by interactions, connections between places, transportation, communication, economic
Term
types of regions: cognitive
Definition
informal regions that exist in people's minds/beliefs
Term
uniform membership function
Definition
all of the area within the administrative region is 100% within the region
Term
Earth's size and shape
Definition
earth is 8,000 miles in diameter
it's a bumpy oblate spheroid
27 miles longer at the equator than from pole to pole
Term
Latitude (parallels)
Definition
goes to 180 degrees
Term
Longitude (meridians)
Definition
goes to 90 degrees
Term
Land area to Water area on Earth's surface
Definition
Land = 30%
Water = 70%
Term
Prime meridian
Definition
the meridian (line of longitude) at which the longitude is defined to be 0°
Term
geographic information
Definition
information about the earth and earth phenomena all spatially located( geo-referenced)
always can be stored, displayed or analyzed
Term
remote sensing
Definition
pictures of the earth from above the earths surface
used for field work, surveys, census
Term
reference map
Definition
show the identity and location of a variety of features
Term
thematic maps
Definition
simplified maps but shows 1-3 variables, usually looking for patterns
Term
choropleth map
Definition
a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map
Term
cartogram map
Definition
when the size of the region/state is changed to it's quantitative variable
Term
isoline (contour) map
Definition
when there are lines showing mountains and hills in the earth's surface
Term
proportional area symbols
Definition
use of graduated circles/symbols to represent a variable
Term
interpreting isoline maps
Definition
lines of equal values illustrate increasing/decreasing values of a variable
Term
projections
Definition
the solutions to the problem of flattening the earth's surface
includes: selective presentation
generalization- roads straightened, omit details
graphical clarity- features often distorted to improve graphical clarity
Term
develop
Definition
taking a 3D model and flattening the surface but it is impossible to do so without distorting: distance, direction, shape, area
can't have all 4 factors be correct on one map
Term
projection: cylindrical map
Definition
shows the globe as if a paper was wrapped around it in a cylinder
Term
projection: conic map
Definition
cone that goes on top of the globe to show the globe in that aspect
Term
projection: planar
Definition
paper just lies flat over one specific area of the globe, map shows that specific area only
Term
projection aspect
Definition
how and where the earth is touching the "paper"
Term
light source: stereographic
Definition
from one point of the globe
Term
light source: orthographic
Definition
infinity, parallel light
Term
geometric projections
Definition
distance between any two points is correct
Term
mercator map
Definition
created 500 years ago for sailing
geometric projection
Term
mathematical projections
Definition
involves exaggerated representation of north and south poles
Term
T-O map
Definition
direction at the top of a medieval T-O map was East
Term
Geographic information system (GIS)
Definition
o computerized geographic information- conceptualized in terms of layers of data
o comes from surveying
o allows for the ability to overlay different data layers to analyze certain data
Term
Vector Data
Definition
models, points, lines, areas
generalization of the river is represented by nodes and lines
Term
Raster Data
Definition
represented by little squares[pixels (other shapes)] and each cell gets a value
Term
Domains of spatial behavior and human geography
Definition
human mobility, material/energy/transport, communication
Term
distance decay
Definition
the amount of interaction between places declines with distance
Term
friction of distance
Definition
places further away have more friction
Term
1st Law of Geography
Definition
everything is related to everything else but closer things are more related
Term
barriers to interaction
Definition
impede interactions, make interaction between 2 places where there is a barrier difficult
Term
effects of barriers
Definition
slow- isochrome lines get closer together
block- mountains
redirect spatial interactions
Term
types of barriers
Definition
physical- freeways, mountains
socio-cultural-linguistic groups, culture(food, fashion) social class
psychological- people avoid a "ghetto" area because they believe its dangerous
Term
networks
Definition
a system of places and connection links along which spatial interaction is increased
communication, transportation links
Term
nodes, links
Definition
cities, major airport hubs
Term
urban node hierarchies
Definition
contain interaction of places within the node
first something spreads to major cities then to smaller cities around it
Term
effects of technological development
Definition
generally reduce the friction of distance, makes it easier to connect with people at longer distances
Term
time-space convergence
Definition
changes in transportation and communication that effect patterns of interaction
"the world is shrinking"
Term
globalization
Definition
greater inter-connectivity among places all around the globe
economic, cultural
Term
computational modeling in geography
Definition
the parts of a system and their inter-relationship represented as mathematic equations or computer programs
Term
social gravity
Definition
the interaction between two places involving the # of phone calls, # of trips to each place, # of emails between two place
Term
simple gravity model
Definition
the interaction between places depends on the pull of attractiveness of a place
Term
retail gravitation model: Reilly's Breaking Point Model
Definition
breaking point is the deciding point of where people will go to do their shopping and they can choose between two cities
larger cities pull more people to shop there
Term
Huff Model
Definition
a retail gravitation model that attempts to predict where people will shop, given choices that vary in distance and some measure of interaction attractiveness
Term
perception
Definition
aquiring knowledge of what's out there through vision
Term
cognition
Definition
knowledge, beliefs, thinking, memory, learning
Term
affect
Definition
moods, emotions, feelings, "i like it, I don't like it"
Term
behavior
Definition
coordinated and goal directed action
Term
attitudes
Definition
a belief about something coupled with an affective stance to it
Term
behavioral approach to geography
Definition
doing what you feel like doing rather than what might be most economic
Term
temporary travel
Definition
trip
Term
migration
Definition
moving permanent residences
Term
individual activity space
Definition
places you travel on a near daily basis
Term
home range
Definition
how far you travel on a daily basis
Term
criminal range
Definition
commuter- commit crimes away from home range
marauder- commit crimes with in home range
Term
space-time paths
Definition
actual activity locations at certain times
vertical means person is stationary, diagonal means the person is moving
Haggarstrands Model
Term
space-time prisms
Definition
potential activity places at different times
larger prism the farther you travel
Haggerstrands Model
Term
cognitive (mental) maps
Definition
knowledge we have about the environment within our minds
includes what's there , where it is, how to get there
changes with experience, age and spatial choices
Term
sketch maps
Definition
distorted maps drawn by hand with no scale
attempt to depict cognative map
Term
navigation
Definition
coordinated movement through the environment
Term
orientation
Definition
knowing where you are
when a person combines a cognitive map with physical structure
Term
place perception
Definition
attitudes about places, regions
Term
place stereotypes
Definition
an opinion you have about a place before even being there or something that defines a place
ex: boundary polarization
Term
self-identification and self-definition via place
Definition
overtime people begin to define themselves by where they are from and create
Term
residential preferences
Definition
people like places more than other places
positive/negative connotations of places/people
Term
preference maps
Definition
illustrates residential preferences
Term
polarize
Definition
divide or cause to divide into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions or beliefs
Term
boundary polarization
Definition
boundary between region is accompanied with polarized attitudes
Term
hazard perception
Definition
peoples beliefs and views about natural disasters
Term
culture
Definition
socially shared and transmitted patterns of beliefs, behaviors, and material artifacts
ex: social class, age, profession, orientation based culture
Term
ideological
Definition
beliefs, knowledge- ethical stories
mentifacts- belief of things
Term
technological culture
Definition
tools, farming, cooking, weapons
artifacts- a particular way to build a house
Term
sociological culture
Definition
how you trace your lineage, covial patterns, rituals, houw cultures pick the next ruler; their mating system
sociofacts- social beliefs
Term
culture trait
Definition
pieces of cultural practices
Term
culture region
Definition
a portion of the earth's surface that has common cultural elements
Term
cultural landscape
Definition
the evidence of human impact on a physical environment
Term
cultural change: innovation (origin)
Definition
someone or group of people who invent a new way of doing something
ex: new style, new way of music, new type of food or eating
Term
in situ cultural change vs. external contact changes
Definition
the idea that cultures would still change even if they didn't interact with other cultures externally
Term
cultural syncretism
Definition
when two cultures come together to form a hybrid of the 2 cultures
Term
ethnicity
Definition
the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition
Term
major wold languages
Definition
1. mandrin chinese
2-3. english/spansih
4. hindi
5. portugese
6. bengali
7. Russian
8. Japanese
Term
monolingualism
Definition
only speak one language
Term
multilingualism
Definition
speak multiple languages
Term
language family
Definition
diffusion of language
origin and diffusion of Indo-European family
Term
extinct and moribund languages
Definition
the language is dying, not taught in school to children
Term
American Indian languages
Definition
native American language act of 1990
document, record and preserve native languages
Term
dialects
Definition
a lot of variation in vernacular (everyday) speech
Term
standard (official) language
Definition
usually a dialect that becomes the most popular is the correct dialect of a certain language
Term
pidgins
Definition
hybrid of 2 languages for 2 cultures to communicate
Term
creoles
Definition
when pidgin language becomes a real language
Term
toponymy
Definition
study of place names
Term
major world religions
Definition
monotheism- belief in 1 god
polytheism- belief in many gods
animism- god being in everything, inanimate objects and animals
secularism- not subject to or bound by religious rule; not belonging to or living in monastic or other order
Term
universalizing religion
Definition
religions that are meant for everyone, regardless of culture or ethnicity
Term
proselytizing
Definition
trying to convert people to "your" religion no matter what they already believe
Term
expansion diffusion religion
Definition
increase in the number of practices of a religion in a culture
Term
ethnic
Definition
not meant for everyone, meant for particular ethnic groups
diffuse through relocation diffusion
when people relocate they take their practices with them
Term
tribal (traditional) religions
Definition
small local religions with close ideological ties to the natural world, the divine is to be found in nature
Term
missionaries
Definition
replace traditional religions with universalizing religions
Term
spatial diffusion
Definition
transfer of movement of things, ideas, people from place to place
Term
diffusion innovation
Definition
adopted from other cultures through diffusion of that region
Term
independent innovation
Definition
cultures innovate on their own without help from other cultures
Term
relocation diffusion
Definition
when cultures relocate altogether
Term
expansion diffusion
Definition
when cultures are adapted by more people from close regions
Term
contagious diffusion
Definition
the places closest to those that have the cultural trait are more likely to be diffused next
Term
hierarchical diffusion
Definition
special communication links between places
cultural links "jump" from important place to important place
Term
mean information field (MIF)
Definition
in diffusion, the field in which contacts can occur
Term
population geography
Definition
focuses on the number, composition and distribution of human beings in relation to variations in the conditions of earth and space
Term
world population distribution
Definition
6.8 billion people for october 2009
Term
major concentration of the world
Definition
east asia, south asia, europe, US
Term
6 top countries
Definition
China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan
Term
ecumene
Definition
permanently inhabited areas of the earth's surface (60% of the land permanently inhabited)
Term
physical factors related to distribution
Definition
continental margines, arable land (relatively flat, valleys, flood plains) climate
Term
demography
Definition
the statistical study of human population in its concern with spatial analysis (the relationship of numbers to an area)
Term
crude birth rate
Definition
annual number of live births per 1000 people (per capita)
Term
fertility rate
Definition
number of lifetime live births per woman
Term
replacement fertility rate
Definition
marks the level of fertility at which each successive generation of women produces exactly enough children to ensure that the same number of women survive to have offspring themselves
Term
crude death rate
Definition
annual number of deaths per 1000 people (per capita)
Term
infant mortality
Definition
how many infants die before their first birthday
Term
population pyramids
Definition
graphic device that represents a populations age and sex compostion
Term
population pyramid changes
Definition
-rapidly growing country has sloping sidew
-change the shape: change in fertility and mortality but it has to be specific
Term
dependency ratio
Definition
simple measure of the number of economic dependents that each 100 people in their productive years must support
Term
demographic momentum
Definition
population growth tends to continue for a while after changes in fertility and mortality
Term
demographic change equation
Definition
summarizes the contribution made to the regional population change over time by the combination of natural change and net migration
Term
rate of natural change
Definition
(crude birth ratio - crude death ratio)
Term
NET migration change
Definition
(immigration - emigration)
Term
doubling time
Definition
the related time it takes for a population to double if the present growth rate remains constant
Term
linear growth
Definition
growth at a constant rate, fixed amount
Term
exponential growth
Definition
-biotic potential (J-curve): the way an organism or population would grow without checks
-carrying capacity (S-curve): represents a population size consistent with and supportable by an exploitable resource base
Term
carrying capacity
Definition
number of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology
Term
technological changes and carrying capacity
Definition
more advanced technology (irrigation, biocides) allows for more people at a higher level of living than basic technology (slash and burn), increases carrying capacity
Term
world history and pattern of growth rates
Definition
rates of increase have risen over the span of human history, therefore the doubling time has decreased, begins with industrialization provides new means to support population growth made possible by changes in agriculture and food supply
Term
demographic transition: 1st stage
Definition
birth and death rates are both high, the population grows slowly
Term
demographic transition: 2nd stage
Definition
modernizing and consequences, falling death rates due to advances in medicine, population growth is less rapid
Term
demographic transition: 3rd stage
Definition
birth rates begin to decline as people control family size, when the birth rate falls and the death rate remains low, the population begins to level off
Term
demographic transition: 4th stage
Definition
very low birth and death rates
Term
Malthus- Essay on the Principle of Population
Definition
- population is inevitability limited by the means of subsistence
-populations invariably increase with increase in the means of subsistence unless prevented by powerful checks
-checks are private (moral restraint, celibacy, chastity) or destructive (war, poverty and famine)
Term
Malthusian
Definition
natural checks
Term
Neo-Malthusian
Definition
government programs, birth control, family planning
Term
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Definition
the population of a place neither grows nor declines
Term
Census
Definition
procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population
Term
population density
Definition
expresses the relationship between the number of inhabitants and the area they occupy
Term
crude population density
Definition
# of people per unit area of land
Term
physiological population density
Definition
total population divided by arable land alone
expression of population pressure exerted on agricultural land
Term
agricultural population density
Definition
the total rural population / area of agricultural land
excludes city populations and projects rural estimate of the pressure of people on the rural areas of the country
Term
population projection
Definition
estimate the future population size, age, and sex composition based on current data
Term
total displacement migration
Definition
far enough away that you have a new activity space
Term
partial displacement migration
Definition
partially overlapping activity space
Term
channelized migration
Definition
pairs of locales that have a lot of in and out migration between them
Term
chain migration (migration fields)
Definition
assures that the mover is part of an establishment migrant flow from a common origin to a prepared destination (united by kinship or friendship ties)
Term
counter migration
Definition
likelihood that as many as 25% of all migrants will return to their place of origin
Term
african american internal migration 20th c
Definition
largest internal migration in the history of the US from the rural south to the north
Term
forced migration
Definition
trail of tears (indians) atlantic slave trade (africans)
Term
voluntary migration
Definition
better weather, cheaper living, closer to family
Term
push factors of migration
Definition
negative home conditions that might impel the decision to migrate
Term
pull factors of migration
Definition
presumed positive attractions of the migration destination
Term
anticipated place utility
Definition
the positive of the pull location is relative to the negative of the push location
Term
US center of population
Definition
determined by US censors bureau
Term
economics
Definition
study of production, distribution and consumption of commodities
Term
commodities
Definition
goods and services that have value
Term
subsistence economy
Definition
economic activity for yourself
ex: farmer
Term
commercial
Definition
buying and selling, free price and production system
Term
planned economy
Definition
government influences or determines the basic geographic variables
Term
supply-demand curve
Definition
if you raise the price of the commodity, producers will make more (quantity supplied increases) and consumers will decrease (quantity demanded)
Term
market equilibrium
Definition
marked by the price at which supply equals demand
Term
economically rational behavior
Definition
notion that people make decisions based on the desire to obtain the greatest amount of satisfaction
people prefer more to less
Term
primary activities
Definition
those that harvest or extract something from the earth
Term
secondary activities
Definition
those that add value to materials by changing their form or combining them into more useful commodities
Term
tertiary activities
Definition
those business and labor specializations that probide services to the primary and secondary (link between producers and consumer-trade)
Term
quaternary activites
Definition
"white collar" professional workers in education, government, management, reasearch
Term
quinary activites
Definition
high level decision making roles in all types of large organizations, public or private
Term
location affects economic activities
Definition
supply, demand, cost, revenue vary with location
Term
spatially fixed costs
Definition
minimum price that must be paid at any location for the necessary inputs of production for a given item
ex: federal taxes do not vary from place to place
Term
spatially variable costs (locational cost)
Definition
additional costs incurred in overcoming distance, attracting labor, purchasing the plant site, and so forth
differs based on location
Term
behavioral model of economic rationality
Definition
model by which you make the most rational choice
know all the alternatives
most logical decision you can make
Term
hunting and gathering
Definition
requires a lot of energy and effort, cannot support large or dense groups of humans
Term
sex-role division of labor
Definition
shrinking quickly today
Term
agricultural hearth
Definition
from which many agricultural innovations came
The end of the last ice age 8000-10000 BC was first emergence of agriculture
Term
Agricultural origins and dispersal
By Sauer 1952
Definition
book about agriculture, agriculture was independently innovated in many places in the old world and the new world
Term
agriculture started as
Definition
vegetative and seed planting
Term
hybridization
Definition
selective breeding to improve stock and make it better for humans
Term
animal domestication (herding)
Definition
wandering but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage (plants)
Term
innovations in agriculture
Definition
irrigation, mechanical tractors and other equipment, chemical fertilizer and herbicides
Term
green revolution
Definition
introduce chemical agriculture, shorthand reference to a complex of seed and management innovation adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture and designed to bring larger harvest from a given area of farmland
Term
smart agriculture
Definition
uses geography tailoring resources to maximize yields and minimize wastes
Term
extensive agriculture
Definition
involves large areas of land and minimal labor input
Term
intensive agriculture
Definition
cultivation of small landholdings through the expenditure of great amounts of labor
Term
commercial agriculture
Definition
high value products, US tends to be run by large corporations that aim at profit maximization not minimal food security
Term
planned agriculture
Definition
collective/state farms
Term
nomadic herding
Definition
cattle, sheep, push to survive, requires greatest amount of land per person sustained
Term
rice
Definition
known to have been cultivated for more than 7000, provides for the calories of half of the world's population
Term
truck farming
Definition
if product is perishable, transportation costs increase because of the special handling that is needed (refrigerated trucks and custom packaging)
reason for locations close to the market
Term
agribusiness
Definition
growing merger of the older, farm centered crop economy and newer patterns of more integrated production and marketing systems
Term
price supports
Definition
help farmers with the uncertainties of their specialization and stabilize the return of their investment, subsidizing production by guaranteeing prices for selected commodities
Term
Von Thunen Model
Definition
formal spatial model, recognizing that as distance from the market increases as the value of land decreases
Term
isotropic plain
Definition
flat, has no travel or communication barriers in any direction
evenly distributed population
Term
land rent (locational rent)
Definition
function of overcoming the distance separating a given farm from a central market town, the lower the transportation cost the higher the land rent
Term
concentric ring pattern
Definition
growth in demand would expand the ring of production and increase in transportation costs would shrink the ring of production
Term
margin of cultivation
Definition
the distance from a market where the revenue received from a product exactly equals the marginal costs
Term
mediterranean agriculture
Definition
specialized farming economy known for grapes, oranges, figs
need warm area and a great deal of sunshine
most productive in the world
Term
plantation agriculture
Definition
introduction of a foreign element; investment, management, marketing; into an indigenous culture and economy
crops were frequently foreign to the area of establishment as well as use of foreign labor
Term
gathering industries
Definition
fishing, forestry, fur trapping
Term
extractive industries
Definition
mining and quarrying, removing nonrenewable resources
Term
renewable resources
Definition
materials that can be consumed and then replenished relatively quickly by natural or human assisted processes
Term
nonrenewable resources
Definition
exist in finite amounts and are not replaced by natural processes or are replaced at a slower rate than that of use
Term
cottage and guild industries
Definition
small home based crafts people
things were hand made
Term
origin and diffusion of industrial revolution
Definition
england mid 1700s, replacing handmade by machines, fuels replace human and animal power
Term
transportation for second industry
Definition
involves the assembly and processing of inputs and the distribution of the output to other points and therefore poses the problem where the processing should take place
Term
terminal costs
Definition
charges associated with loading, packing and unloading a shipment
Term
Line-haul costs (over the road)
Definition
vary with shipment, allocated according to the distance travelled
Term
webers cost minimization approach to factory location
Definition
explains the optimum location of a manufacturing establishment in terms of minimization of 3 basic expenses: relative transport costs, labor costs and aggolmeration costs
Term
Material Index: Webers
Definition
weight of localized raw materials divided by weight of the finished product
used to decide where to put factory- close to raw materials if sum greater than 1; place close to market if sum less than 1
Term
break of bulk point
Definition
sites where goods have to be transferred or transshipped from one carrier to another, when the transfer occur another fixed cost or terminal cost is levied significantly increasing total transport costs
Term
short-haul penalty
Definition
fixed and terminal costs are applied to every shipment regardless of the distance moved
Term
location allocation problem
Definition
finding the best location (minimizing total distance)
Term
space-cost functions
Definition
attempts to find an optimum location by incorporating all the costs
ex: power, skill ect
Term
conglomerate
Definition
conglomerate companies sole focus is money
Term
transactions and hidden costs
Definition
costs in addition to what a company pays to create/sell a good or service
Term
externalities
Definition
apply to everyone in an industry/region
-costs or savings not resulting directly from the activity of a particular economic agent
Term
backwards links
Definition
going to get resources
ex: aluminum
Term
forward links
Definition
a way to distribute product
Term
ancillary activities
Definition
banking, law enforcement, things that are not associated with the core activity of a firm
Term
agglomeration
Definition
spatial grouping of people or activities for mutal benefit
Term
advantages of aggolmeration
Definition
industries can share labor force, specialized reasons developed around a particular industry
Ex: cities, office parks
Term
disadvantages of agglomeration
Definition
more competition, population and congestion, land value becomes more costly
Term
functional independence
Definition
multiple industries that rely on each other because activities provide a common link
Term
deglomeration
Definition
when the costs exceed the benefits, firm will relocate to a more isolated position
Term
industrial "parks"
Definition
usually created in areas not so developed to boost growth and land is cheaper
Term
just-in-time manufacturing
Definition
seeks to reduce inventories for the production process by purchasing inputs for arrival just in time to use and producing output just in time to sell
Term
globalization of manufacturing
transnational corporation
Definition
corporation or an enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one country
Term
corporations
Definition
formal business association with a publicly registered charter recognizing it as a separate legal entity having its own privileges, and liabilities distinct from those of its members
Term
maquiladora operations
Definition
foreign owned, along the US border, partially or completely foreign managed
Term
zona libra
Definition
12 mile buffer in northern mexico up against US border, US and Mexico agreed that the companies would be treated like state companies, no extra charges added or regulations for being in mexico
Term
NAFTA
Definition
mid 90s
extends the zona libra
Term
KAFTA
Definition
2005 includes South America under "zona libra" terms
Term
comparative advantage
Definition
using resources from elsewhere
Term
outsourcing
Definition
element of globalization
moving labor, production, manufacturing elsewhere
Term
offshoring
Definition
foreign management to take over and run particular industry
Term
Hi-Tech manufacturing
Definition
processing and production that is increasingly part of the advanced econimies
Term
changing structure of workforce in US
Definition
shift from mostly primary (66% 1850) to mostly tertiary (83% 2006)
Term
Hotellings locational interdependence model of retail location
Definition
looks at spatial variations in demand and the need to look at the locations of your competitors, focus on revenue rather than cost
Term
elastic demand
Definition
varies strongly with price and effort
(unnecessary things)
Term
inelastic demand
Definition
stays constant with variation in price
(necessary things)
Term
foot-loose industries
Definition
internet commerce, mail order companies
doesn't matter where the location of the company is because it is invisible to consumers
Term
spectator entertainment
Definition
movies films games
Term
tourism
Definition
world's largest private industry, makes up over 10% of world's economy
Term
ecotourism
Definition
sustainable tourism, trying not to pollute, appreciate nature, based on the enviornment
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