Term
| ITCZ (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone) |
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Definition
| forces hot air to rise, creates rain mcachines. Lags behind sun, fluctuates north and south, always results in rain |
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Term
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Definition
| plant that grows on another plant; symbiotic relaitonship |
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Term
| How are plants adapted to the Mediterranean climate? (5) |
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Definition
| Small leaves, point up, evergreen, light colored, nice smells for defense, leathery leaves |
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Term
| How are Mediterranean plants adapted to fire? |
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Definition
| Seeds wont open unless fire, ribbony bark, resprouting, turpin (want to burn) |
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Term
| Origin of People and YOU/ Know the order of your ancestors |
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Definition
| Sea squirt, Fish, Reptile, Shrew, Primate, Homo, Homosapien |
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Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
Watson crick, franklin 1958. Double helix |
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Term
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Definition
| Eve 150,000 BP (mitocondrial DNA), Adam 60,000 BP (Y Chromosome) |
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Term
| aul Martin’s Overkill or Munch Hypothesis |
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Definition
| animals in New World went extinct by size, largest animals first when ppl got here |
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Term
| 5 Megafauna that used to be in LA |
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Definition
| Mammoth, giant sloth, rino, camel, grizzly bear, pygmy mammoth |
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Term
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Definition
| Population has exponential growth, food has linear growth; leads to famine |
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Term
| How have family planning programs changed fro the 60 and 70’s to Now |
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Definition
Before: Govt. centralized, incentive based, man was perceived as the head of the household.
Now: Local control, access based, focused on women. |
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Term
| What happen to Cuba Agriculture after the Soviet Union dissolved? |
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Definition
| no gas, pesticides or fertilizers; therefore people used bikes, natural pesticides/intercropping and natural fertilizers |
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Term
| Current Status of Population by Region: Awesome Places: Bad |
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Definition
Bad: India: 1.1 Billion grows 1.5 million/month
Pakistan: 143 million doubles every 27 years
Nigeria: 1.9 million doubles every 23 years |
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Term
| Current Status of Population by Region: OK |
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Definition
| Ok: Bangladesh, Philipines, Egypt |
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Term
| Current Status of Population by Region: Awesome |
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Definition
Good: Iran: 52 rural medical schools
Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malasia, Burma)
China: 1976 1 child policy 25% income charge/extra child |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| Statistical Fact: 30 to 50% in US, Urban area 80% |
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Term
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Definition
| Herpes (20%) and Syphilis (less then 1%) |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV/AIDS 1 in 300 people US |
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Term
| How do you make a zombie? |
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Definition
In Haiti: Spiders, frogs and mixed herbs ground into powder for ppl to walk over. Absorbed into sanguine system and slows down heart rate until human looks dead!
In Japan: Puffer Fish |
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Term
| Exports from California: Big Five Export Crops in 2005 |
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Definition
| Almonds, cotton, wine, dairy, grapes |
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Term
| Genetically Modified Food: Franken Food: Good things about it |
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Definition
Large yield & nutrition (Green Revolution)
Diseases and pest resistant.
Increase environmental tolerance! |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) it created federal lands to be protected, (2) watershed protection, (3) created national park service (ie: Yellowstone and sequoia national parks) |
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Term
| 1960 Multiple Use and Sustained Use Act |
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Definition
| (1) outdoor recreation, (2) national forest to be used for rangeland (rangeland is typically used for cattle), (3) timber, (4) watershed protection, (5) protect wildlife |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) Identifying a section (seeking economic value) to be cut for private industry. (2) build a road, (3) cut every single tree down, (4) cable logging |
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Term
| Problems with Clearcutting |
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Definition
| (1) soil erosion, (2) water runoff sediment, (3) herbicide (kills shrubs faster than pine trees), (4) monoculture (trees of same age), (5) results in decline in wildlife (ie. Northern spotted owl) |
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Term
| United States Department of Agriculture |
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Definition
| National forest service; responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture (ie cattle), and food. It aims to meet the needs of farmers and ranchers, promote agricultural trade and production, work to assure food safety, protect natural resources, foster rural communities and end hunger in the United States and abroad |
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Term
| Department of the Interior |
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Definition
| National Park Service: responsible for the management and conservation of most federal land and the administration of programs relating to Native Americans, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians, and to insular areas of the United States. Under this department are The National Park Service and The Bureau of Land Management |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tallest Tree. Today 96%cut: 4% left. 2% private, 2% federal or state (public) |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest Tree: has very hard, brittle wood |
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Term
| How have forests changed in the West over the last 100 years? |
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Definition
| surpressed fires, leaf litter build up, forest becomes dense, flammable |
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Term
| Roadless Areas # highways in U.S.# logging roads in U.S |
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Definition
| 44,000 miles of highways, 380,000 miles of logging roads |
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Term
| the problems with suppressing fire are (3) |
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Definition
| litter build up (extremely flammable), went from opens forest to closed canopy- creates crown fires, and bugs come and change composition |
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Term
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Definition
| thinning, reintroduce fire, do nothing and wait for a huge fire to kill everything |
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Term
| Health Forest Initiative: Why good in theory and bad in practice |
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Definition
| Theory- cut down rural areas. Practice- shotrted public review, got rid of public review in hazardsous feul sit. Opened to lumber co. cut down trees away from towns cuz the ones near towns too short |
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Term
| Tropical Vegetation Types |
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Definition
| Tropical Rainforest, Cloud Forest, and Tropical Dry Forest, mangroves, woodlands |
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Term
| Why Tropical Forest lost over the last 50 years? |
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Definition
| Subsistence agriculture—to feed oneself (using slash and burn techniques), commercial plantations, cattle ranching, forest fires (with new fire cycles), the forests are often destroyed for fuelwood—made into charcoal (esp tropical dry forests), forests are also destroyed for timber |
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Term
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Definition
| traditional agricultural methods, which are dependent on labor and a large amount of land to produce enough food to feed oneself and one’s family; some methds include: shifting cultivation, slash-and-burn techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| use modern agricultural methods, which require a large capital input and less land and labor than traditional methods; have high yields. Rubber, oil palm, coffee, bannanas, soy bean, coco |
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Term
| Forest Fires in the Tropics |
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Definition
| New fire cycles. First evidence humans are having effect on climate Forests become more and more degraded and flammable. El nino causes the forest fires |
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Term
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Definition
| tropical dry forests are rapidly being destroyed for fuel wood. Often the wood is used to make charcoal which is extremely wasteful. |
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Term
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Definition
| planting diff trees 2gether. Makes a border around a town. Anti-monoculture |
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Term
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Definition
| in the tropics, this wood is hard and colorful (it has no rings in the trunk since their environment doesn’t change seasons much). In tropics no seasons, so no rings |
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Term
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Definition
| bug-resistant, no plantations, expensive |
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Term
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Definition
| forest fragmentation is the break up of large areas of habitat into small, isolated patches, which is a major threat to the long-term survival of many animal and plant species—threat to biological diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| depends on: size of animal (our mega fauna are gone), solid forest (very dark), anything rare (density) |
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Term
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Definition
| foreign species that spreads in a new area that it did not evolve in often upsets the balance among organism living in that area and intereferes with the ecosystems normal functioning—the foreign species may compete with native species for food or habitat or may prey on them |
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Term
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Definition
| Are relatively small areas of land that contain an exceptional number of endemic species and are at high risk from human activities. They cover 1.4% of the Earth’s area and they house ½ of the worlds species. These hotspots have exceptionally high diversity, endemism, but are at high threat of human exploitation. P. 360. Ex Hawaii, Caribbean islands, Madagascar, Philipines, New Zealand |
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Term
| Name three highly developed, moderately developed, and less developed countries |
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Definition
| High: US, Canada, Japan Moderate: Mexico, Turkey, S. Africa Less: Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Laos |
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Term
| How many earth’s would we need if everyone consumed the same level as the United States? |
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Definition
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Term
| The current restoration project in the Florida Everglades is using all but which one of the following strategies? |
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Definition
| There are no choices but what is listed is: control of agricultural runoff, conversion of some agricultural land to marshes, reengineer area’s system of canals, levees and pumps to restore natural flow of water to the everglades |
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Term
| What is interesting about the city Curitiba, Brazil? |
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Definition
| Although the city has a population of 2.5 million ppl they have developed a good example of compact development. They have built a fast, clean and reliable bus system leaving a large area open for other uses. It is a sustainable community |
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Term
| What are minerals and economic geology? |
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Definition
Minerals are elements or compounds of elements that occur naturally in Earth’s crust.
Economic Geology is concerned with using earths minerals and resources, combination of elements to make economic profit |
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Term
| What is a Wildlife Corridor |
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Definition
| A protected zone that connects isolated unlogged or underdeveloped areas; this is done to provide animals with escape routes and to allow them to interbreed. Connecting two wildfie habitat areas to each other to prevent imbreeding and low genetic diversity |
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Term
| Forest covers what percent of the Earth (land area) |
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Definition
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Term
| Sustainable Development considers three important factors because: |
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Definition
1. Environmentally sound decisions-to not harm the environment or deplete natural resources
2. Economically viable decisions-consider all costs; including long term costs
3. Socially equitable decisions- reflect needs of society to ensure costs and benefits are shared by all groups. |
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Term
| Define sustainable agriculture and some good examples of it |
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Definition
| This happens when modern agricultural techniques are combined with traditional farming methods. Leaves for future generaltions and doesn’t strain. Only enough for family. It relies on beneficial biological processes and environmentally friendly chemicals that disintegrate quickly. This includes breeding of disease resistant crops to promote animal health, biological diversity to minimize pest problems and water and energy conservation. Adding animal manure to soil and crop rotation are also good examples of this. |
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Term
| The IPAT equation refers to |
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Definition
Environmental Impact (I) = The number of people (P) x The affluence per person which is a measure of the consumption or amount of resources used per person (A) x The environmental effects; resources needed and wastes produced of technologies used to obtain and consume the resources (T)
I= PxAxT
This equation estimates the human impacts on the environment. Shows the mathemical impacts and the forces |
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Term
| An activity that is “sustainable” by definition should |
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Definition
| Ability to meet humanity’s current needs w/o compromising the ability of future generations to meet needs |
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Term
| The role of organisms in soil is |
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Definition
| Organisms include roots, pants, termites, worms, moles snakes, groundhogs and bacteria. Soil organisms provide essential ecosystem services like maintaining soil fertility, preventing erosion, breaking down toxic materials and cleansing water |
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Term
| The main world food problems are |
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Definition
| Population, poverty, and environmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
| a revolution in the 20th century in which modern cultivarion methods were used to produced more food per acre. To keep up with popl growth |
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Term
| The scientific community has conclusive evidence to agree that Genetically Modified Foods are |
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Definition
| As safe for human consumption as crops grown by conventional or organic agriculture |
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Term
| One of the worst problems with pesticides is that |
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Definition
| They affect more species then the pests for which they are intended and bad insects are building resistance to them |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of subsistence agriculture where livestock is supported by land to arid for successful crop growth and nomadic herders must continuously move the cattle to find food |
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Term
| What is voluntary simplicity? |
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Definition
| When people of a highly developed country recognize that happiness and quality of life are not measured by the accumulation of material goods and thus change their lifestyles. |
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Term
| Largest city in the world in 2015? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between National Forests, National Parks, and National Wildlife Refuges? |
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Definition
National forests (u.s. forest service (dept. of agriculture—deals more with farming and trade)—191 million acres) were established for multiple uses: timber harvesting, mining, hunting, fishing, and other recreation; water resources and other watershed protection; and habitat for fishes and wildlife.
One of the primary goals of national parks (under dept. of interior—deals more with preservation, etc—84 million acres) is composed of cultural and historic sites designed to teach people about the natural environment, management of natural resources, and history of the site—they provide biological habitat and facilitate human recreation.
National wildlife refuge (u.s. fish and wildlife service (dept. of interior)—92 million acres) is the most extensive network of lands and waters committed to wildlife habitat in the world; the refuges represents all major U.S. ecosystems; its mission is to preserve lands and waters for the conservation of fishers, wildlife, and plants in the U.S—they are highly protected to be unchanged |
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Term
| What are the percentages of land ownership in the USA: private individuals |
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Definition
| 55% privates citizens, corporations, nonprofits; native americans 3%, state and local 7%, fed gov 35% |
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Term
| What is going on in the Tongass today? |
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Definition
| The Tongass forest in Alaska is one of the world’s few temperate rain forests although under Clinton Administration there was a roadless area conservation rule to protect roadless national forests from road building and forest harvest but in 2001 it was blocked. Conflict btwn loggering industry (local econ)and environmental interests who want to prevent from clearcut logging |
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Term
| Who is Julia Butterfly and why is she cool? |
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Definition
| Was a tree sitter (for 738 days) to prevent the pacific lumber company from cutting down a redwood in California. |
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