Term
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Definition
Geo means earth Graphein means to write about
Geography is a social socience and a natual science
Physical geography human/cultural geography a mixture of both
Geo (Earth)+Graphien (To write about); both social and natural science; uses spatial analysis; the study of the physical features of the earth and atmosphere and human activity and how it affects the world, such as distributions of populations, land use, resources, and industries. It is a social science and a natural science including physical geography and cultural human geography. Between these two we have a combined “human environmental geography.” All geographers engage in special analysis. It is the study of “how humans make the Earth our home” Yifu Tuan |
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Term
| What is Space and Place/Place-Making? |
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Definition
Space is abstract, a realm without meaning, like time, produces the basic coordinates
Place/Place-making is a place= space+Nature+social relations+meaning
: Place= Space+Nature+Social Relations+Meaning; A space is abstract, a place without meaning like time; a place has more meaning. Place-making-how meaning is attached to specific locations; foster a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging. |
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Term
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Definition
"The Study of how humans make the earth their home"
Earth meaning physical geography and spatial analysis of physical elements and processes of the earth systems
Humans meaning cultural geography, how do people organize themselves in space (social relations), politics economics culture
Home meaning cultural and philosophical geography,a unit of space organized mentally and materially to satisfy humanity's basic bio-social needs and their higher aesthetic-political aspirations
Humans make the earth their home; the study of geography is humans; what does he mean by earth, physical process that are not human weather soil, how humans cultural economics politics, how humans transform the earth to make it our home, home as a place, place+space+meaning. A place that we’ve made comfortable, we protect ourselves from the elements, a home more cosmologically spiritually, how we understand the earth and how it works, we now do it through science, how we understand our world, how we transform it physically and cosmologically, his idea of home is more emotional aesthetic. |
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Term
| "Problematizing" the environment |
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Definition
Basically start of with the ramifications, then the causes, then the solutions
Ecological Modernization, Populist approach, Social-Political Approach- Neo-liberal approach. What causes changes in the environment, what are its ramifications, come up with solutions. Energy technical and socio-political aspect, fuel mileage on cars not because of technical. Ramifications spread across societies, role of scale in human time, power determines funding for solutions used, economic aesthetic cultural value. Civil-society non-governmental, volunteer that pushes an issue*Making an issue a problem, in order to define something a problem, what the parameters, soil erosion, deforestation causes soil erosion, ramifications, now think what are the causes, like logging companies or poverty cut down trees to pay for schools. *Problematize by posing solutions, cause is big logging companies, how does the populist approach problematize an issue. Neo-liberal, inappropriate market value that would be the cause, solution as an environmental consequence to price of goods. Populist says environmental problems are highly complex not broad assumptions. National parks, national forests, wilderness, land use, do’s and don’ts, cans and can’ts, national parks have structures there, wilderness areas no development at all, more core type ecocentric view, what is the environmental issue, what are the parameters, poverty cause of deforestation. |
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Term
| Zackey's list of things to think about in Human-Environment Geography |
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Definition
| Are culture and nature two different things? (are environmental problems technical or socio-economic? How do we ‘problematize’ the environment? Ramifications, causessolutions) Are environmental problems technical or socio-economic problems? How are the costs and benefits of environmental degradation spread across society? (Do the poor suffer more?) What time frame are we viewing environmental problems in? (Human vs. geological time) What methods do we employ to evaluate, detect or predict environmental change? (Scientist vs. moral methods? Influences of power? Motivation through funds) How do we put a value on environmental change? (economic/aesthetic/cultural? Who evaluates?) What is the role of the individual, government, civil society, market in addressing environmental problems? |
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Term
| Utilitarian View of Nature |
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Definition
Also known as the anthropocentric perspective
Nature is to be used for the benefit of humans
It can sustain us(Clothes, House, Feed)
It can please us (Aesthetically)
Sustainable uses-------Unsustainable
"Selective Logging" vs. "Clear-cutting"
Environmental sustainability is the ability of an ecosystem to maintain productivity for humans into the future
Often embraces technology and science to achieve sustainability
Anthropocentric Perspective, Nature is to be used for the benefit of humans, it can sustain us (clothes, house, feed), It can please us (aesthetically). A resource can be used indefinitely. Conserve nature for humans long term benefit, selective logging, environmental sustainability is the ability of an ecosystem to maintain productivity for humans into the future, embraces technology and science to achieve sustainability |
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Term
| Bio-Centric (Eco-centric) of Nature |
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Definition
View that nature has inherent rights equal to and independent of humans
Humans have moral responisiblity to give nature those rights
Can advocate spiritual engagement with nature
Like Taoism or Buddhism
Spouses Primitivism or Simple living
Glorification of traditional societies as being "in touch" with nature
Often skeptical of modern technology
Nature has inherent rights equal to and independent of humans. Humans have moral responsibility to give nature those rights (ex. Vegetarians, hippies). Save nature, preserve nature, get back to nature, in touch with nature. Can advocate spiritual engagement with nature as in nature has spiritual value. Ex. Westerners looking to eastern religions like Buddhism for human-nature connections. Often espouses primitivism or simple living, glorification of traditional societies as being in touch with nature. Often skeptical of modern technology. Some advocate militant defense of nature ex. Earth first, animal liberation front. |
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Term
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Definition
Idea that human happiness will decrease with civilization
“Simple living,” glorification of traditional societies as being in touch with nature, human happiness will decrease with civilization. |
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Term
| Social Constructivist View of Nature |
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Definition
"Nature" is a human concept, A social construct
Says we all view nature differently (we all have our own glasses that we can't take off, in which we see the world)
What we know is framed by our experiences, education, class, culture, ethnicity, gender, religion
Nature is a human concept, a social construct. We all view nature differently because we are influenced by television, experiences, culture, where we live, religion, our history, and ethnicity. What we know is framed by all these influences. Ex. Native American (nature would be part of life) as opposed to a city folk (where nature could be either an escape of territory that is to be avoided). |
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Term
| Ecological Modernization Approach to Any (or Eny) Problems |
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Definition
Environmental problems are caused by irrational ("traditional") behavior and inappropriate technology
Application of science an d scientific methods is the solution
Truth will talk to power" by scientist, power will implement truth science will guide policy makers
Scientific "Experts" should lead conservation efforts
Environmental problems are caused by Irrational (traditional) behavior and inappropriate technology e.x. slash-and-burn agriculture; application of science and scientific methods is the solution, truth will talk to power, truth will be found by scientists and the science has to speak power so power can implement it; scientific experts should lead conservation efforts. |
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Term
| Populist Approach to Environmental Problems |
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Definition
Environmental problems are often highly contingent on local circumstances
Local people hold the most knowledge about local environments
Indigenous technical knowledge (ITK)
"Participartory studies"
Scientists & local people analyze together, create solutions
environmental problems are often highly contingent on local circumstances; local people hold the most knowledge about local environments; indigenous technical knowledge; participatory studies, anthropologists and environmental scientists get together with locals so they can bring up problems and try to find solutions. |
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Term
| Socio-Political Approach to Any (or Eny)Problems |
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Definition
AKA Critical Approach
Environmental problems are caused by social, political and economic processes and power relations inequality poverty oppression unfair market forces
Solving social problems is the key to solving environmental problems
Social scientists are just as important as scientists
Environmental problems are caused by social, political and economic processes and power relations. Ex. Inequality, poverty, oppression, unfair market forces. –In poor areas the unsanitary conditions may lead to pollution in the environment, environmental degradation may happen in some places and not in others because of unfair political power and influence’ developing countries subsidize agriculture which puts pressure on them because they’re part of an unfair market. Solving social problems is the key to solving environmental problems. Social scientists are just as important as scientists; Anthropologists need to look at the social state of the area so that the environmental issues can be solved based on how people live in the area. |
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Term
| Neo-Liberal Approach to Any (or Eny) Problems |
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Definition
Environmental problems caused by inappropriate economic calling
Market solutions are best
Create market incentives (taxes), eradicate irrational subsidies
Economists important to conservation efforts
environmental problems caused by inappropriate economic valuing; using fossil fuelsdiscounting asthma children will get. Market solutions are best. Creating market incentives (taxes), eradicate irrational subsidies, economists important to conservation efforts. |
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Term
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Definition
Ecological changes 1400 vs. 1850
Massive deforestation (Disappearance of Virgin forests)
Native Wildlife -> Domesticated Animals
Prairie -> Farmland
Ecological changes 1400 vs. 1850-massive deforestation, virgin forest is a wilderness untouched no extensive logging or clear cut. Secondary forest is been cut and has regrown. Native wildlifeDomesticated Animals, PraireFarmland, Dust Bowl. Ecological changes understood by looking at changes in economy and power (social political changes). More complex understanding than good native American and bad European. |
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Term
| Native American versus European Ecological and Economic Organization |
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Definition
European vs. Native American
Sedentary vs. high spatial mobility
Private property vs. communal property
Surplus-oriented vs. Hunter-gatherer cycles
Market-oriented vs. subsistence-oriented
Euro- Commodification of nautre tied to european and global markets
Native- Little commodification of nature small-scale, trading/bardering
European-sedentary, private property, and market oriented, surplus oriented, commodification of resources, tied to global markets. Native American- High spatial mobility, communal, hunter-gatherer, subsistence-oriented, small scale, and bartering |
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Term
| Native American involvement in the Overhunting of the Beaver |
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Definition
[image]
Native Americans increasingly altered their own ecological complexes in order to survive. Aggression, forced evictions lead to social and political disruptions leading to movements of people across space leading to increased conflict between groups. This lead to the increase demand for European goods as status markers and demand for European-Made weapons which both lead to over-hunting of beaver. |
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Term
| European notions of abundance, scarcity, wilderness, productive land |
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Definition
Example Timber, Fuel Wood
Eruopeans see a "wilderness," empty landscape which can be transformed intro the "Pastoral," productive landscape (like europe)
Ex. Timber, fuel woods. Europeans see a wilderness or empty landscape which can be transformed into the pastoral or productive landscape (like Europe). Productive land=ownership. |
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Term
| Wilderness encounters the Market |
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Definition
Shift from local production and use (subsistence) to production for a global market
With European conquest, native american's ways of interacting with the environment seriously altered and made unfeasible
forced onto less desirable lands
movility restricted
communities disrupted
disease
Shift from local production and use (subsistence) to production for a global market. |
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Term
| "The Pristine Myth" (Denevan Reading) |
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Definition
European perception was that North America was unpopulated
Early American Assumptions about North American Natural reasources (early 1600s to late 1800s)
Unclaimed
In exhaustible
Immediate use by individuals was best
Transfer public lands to private to foster development
The idea that our wilderness is “pristine” (untouched and pure) is a myth for it had experienced centuries of human interaction through native Americans before hand. |
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Term
| "The Trouble with Wilderness" (Cronon Reading) |
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Definition
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Term
| How is "Wilderness" a Social Constuction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Early American Assumptions about North American Natural Resources |
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Definition
| Early 1600s to late 1800s. Unclaimed as in land that is not farmed in unclaimed, inexhaustible as in keep finding more and more forests that haven’t been used up, immediate use by individuals was best a in frontierists exploit resources for better of the country, transer public lands to private to foster development. |
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Term
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Definition
Once could acquire 160 acres of land for free from the government simply by making it productive
One could acquire 160 acres of land for free from the government simply by making it productive. Ex. Sale of public lad to corporations and speculations for almost nothing. |
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Term
| Aesthetic Versus Efficiency Movements |
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Definition
Aestheic is basically that nature is necessary for the human spirit
Aesthetic Interpretations of nature
1. nature as spiritual refuge
2. Values the "sublime" in nature
3. Enthusiasm for primitivism- Human happiness and well-being declines with civilization
4. Preservation of nature spritual/recreational use, not extraction
The efficiency movement and the roots of "Conservation" George perkins Marsh
Civilizations collasped through environmental degradation
Advocated the rational, scientific management of resources
Aesthetic-nature as spritual refuge (handiwork of God, through nature one could reach greater spirituality, better understand God), values the sublime in nature (valuing roughness, irreguality, inaccuracy and intricacy as beauty), Enthusiasm for primitivism (hhuman happiness and well-being declines with civilization), preservation of nature (spiritual/recreational use, not extraction or taking from the environment). Effieciency-George Perkins Marsh and Man and Nature, Ancient Mediterranean civilizations collapsed through environmental degredation. Advocated the Rational, scientific management of resources “the beginning of land wisdom in this country”. |
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Term
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Definition
Nature(1836) Made "Transcendentalism"
Followed Aesthtic Movement
Made transcendentalism. He believes that nature is where spirituality comes from. Nature is necessary for human spirit. It was a major cultural movement. |
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Term
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Definition
Written by Ralph Waldo Emerson
book written by Emerson which made transcendentalism a major cultural movement. |
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Term
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Definition
a major cultural movement. Means the belief that god's spritual "truth" could be intuitively experienced directly from nature (not from "doctrine"
the belief that God’s spiritual truth could be intuitively experienced directly from nature not from doctrince. Correspondence-every physical entity has spiritual value. That nature is necessary for the human spirit. |
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Term
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Definition
Abolitionist, "Anarchist," Became friends with Emerson arguesd for individual resistance against an unjust state
Abolitionist, Anarchist, anti-government, read Emerson at Harvard and became friends. Argued for individual resistance against an unjust state. Anticipated the methods and findings of ecology and environmental history, two sources of modern day environmentalism. |
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Term
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Definition
Written by Henry David Thoreau
A two year experiment where he explored simple living
Written by Thoreau, a two year experiement in simple living. It explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for a just society. “If a man doesn’t keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears the beat of a different drummer”, rejected materialism, advocated activism. |
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Term
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Definition
Emigrated from Scotland, dropped out of University of Wisconsin, traveled West, saw mismanagement
Spent lots of Time living in the Sierra Nevada Mountains
Anti-Civilization
Interconnectedness
Influenced president Theodore Roosevelt
Politically active preserving places in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, Yosemite valler (National Park)
Emigrated from Scotland, dropped ou of university of Wisconsin, traveled west, saw mismanagement. Spent lots of time living in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Believed that nature was needed for spirituality, nature is a temple. Was anti-civilization as he saw cities as a lost cause. Interconnectedness-“When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world”. Influenced Theodore Roosevelt, influenced policy makingyosemite. Founded sierra club, failed with Hetchy Hetchy valley. |
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Term
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Definition
| place where Muir spent time that evoked within him as a sense of spiritual interconnectedness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muir’s success. Collaboration with president Theodore Roosevelt |
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Term
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Definition
Tried to build a dam in 1913 but failed
Muir’s failed plan. Tired to prevent the building of a dam in the valley but failed for it was built in 1913. |
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Term
| Chracteristics of Aesthetic Interpretations of Nature |
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Definition
1. Nature as apriritual refuge
2. Values the "sublime"(All inspring) in nature valuaing roughness, irregularity
3. Enthusiasm for primitivism- human happiness and well-being declines with civilation
4. Preservation of nature
spiritual/recreational use, not extraction
nature as spritual refuge (handiwork of God, through nature one could reach greater spirituality, better understand God), values the sublime in nature (valuing roughness, irreguality, inaccuracy and intricacy as beauty), Enthusiasm for primitivism (hhuman happiness and well-being declines with civilization), preservation of nature (spiritual/recreational use, not extraction or taking from the environment). |
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Term
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Definition
Created in 1916
no logging, mining, grazing or other extractive uses
Tourism/recreation allowed
educate the public about value of nature
Aesthetic and eco-centric perspective
Created in 1916. Educates people about the value of nture. It is the support of Aesthetic and Eco-Centric perspectives. Tourism and recreation allowed. No logging, mining, grazing or other extractive uses. No logging. Niming, grazing or other extractive uses. |
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Term
| Cans and Can'ts in National Parks |
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Definition
no logging, mining, grazing or other extractive uses
Tourism/recreation allowed
educate the public about value of nature
Aesthetic and eco-centric perspective
-No mining, logging, grazing, or other extracting activities
-Allows tourism and recreation |
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Term
| Yellowstone National Park |
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Definition
First National Park in 1872
First National Park created in 1872. Located in Wyoming. |
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Term
| Conservation vs. Preservation |
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Definition
Conservation seeks sustainable development, preservation seeks to leave wilderness untouched by development
Preservation (John Muir)
Bio Centric
Leave Nature to manage self
Don't commercialize nature
Major Victories:
Establishment of National park service (1910)
Conservation (Gifford Pinchot)
Utilitarian
Managerial
Commercializing is part of practice
Victories: Establishment of national forest system (1905) |
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Term
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Definition
Wrote man and nature(1864) Was part of the efficiency movement
He advocated rational and scientific management of resources.
Wrote Man and Nature |
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Term
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Definition
Written by George Perkin Marsh
Efficiency Movment
Argued that mediterranean civilizations collapsed because of environmental degradation. |
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Term
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Definition
1890s to 1920s
Environmentalism matured the context of pogressive politiacl reform
Corruption and C--- Capitalism
Wasta and inefficiency
Hishly skewed distribution of wealth
Progressives pushed for
social justice
equality (womans sufferage)
Public safety
Anti-trust laws
Child labor laws
public oversight
Social security
Era of political reform ~1880-~1920. Against corruption, crony capitalism. Advocated social justice, women suffrage, public safety, anti-trust laws, child labor laws, social security, public oversight. Environmental movement has its roots. |
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Term
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Definition
(1865-1964)
Educated at yale Graduate work in German and French National Forestry Schools
Pushed for the scientific, Efficient management of forest resources
First Chief of USFS
Encouraged Theodore Roosevelt to greatly expand the national forest system
Educated at Yale. Studied forestry and created the Forest Service under Teddy Roosevelt admin.
-Pushed for scientific, efficient Management of Forest Resources
-Concentration of Resources in Monopolies was inefficient and unfair
-Forest resources are a public good
-first chief of USFS (United States Forest Service (1905-1910)
-Encouraged Theodore Roosevelt to greatly expand NFS |
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Term
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Definition
Logging, grazin, mining, recreation are allowed in national forest system
Efficient management of forests for human use. Federal ownership and management. "Land of multiple uses." Logging, grazing, and recreation is allowed. |
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Term
| United States Forest Service (USFS) |
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Definition
Dispersal of Federal forests to individuals maintain federal ownership and management
Instead of dispersal of federal forests to individuals, maintain federal ownership and management |
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Term
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Definition
-Individuals can use the land for many purposes
- Main uses were mining and grazing |
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Term
| Can's and Can'ts in the National Forests |
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Definition
Logging, grazin, mining, recreation are allowed in national forest system
-Can be used for recreational as well as utilitarian purposes
-Mining, logging, grazing as well as trourism and recreation are allowed
-Mining and grazing are most common recreation |
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Term
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Definition
26th President Republican
Leader in Progressive move
Busted up monopolies, distrusted businessesFirst to conserve national sources
26th President of the US. Republican. Pushed through progressive era laws. "Rugged" character, outdoorsmen, hunter, and conservationist. Established US Forest Service and National Park Service |
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Term
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Definition
Gave power to president to protect areas of "Special interest"
Gave power to the president to protect areas of "special interest." |
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Term
| Chracteristics of the Efficiency Movement |
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Definition
1. Conservatioin of resources= sustainable development
2. Scientific study by experts to discover the "best" conservation solution (objective, non-political)
----experts in a federal bureaucracy to insulate them from politics
3. Social equity and public good
federal control of natural resources regulation of market
Conservation of resources = sustainable development
-social equity & public good
-fed control of natural resources & regulation of the Market
-best conservation solution is objective & non-political & houses experts in a federal beurocrcy to insulate them from politics |
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Term
| Bureau of Land Management (BLM) |
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Definition
Total Acreage (present)=264 Million acres (1/8 th of country)
Established in 1946 from public land gov.
Can lease contracts with private lands?
Mostly used for mining and grazing. where the professor goes to drink beer and build fires |
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Term
| The Progressive Era Urban Environmental Movement |
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Definition
Anti big business
anti government forms
John Muir supported this
WEstern vs eastern usa
Environmentalism= elitist?
Urban populations expanding rapidly from 1840 to 1920
from 2 million to 54 million
fueled by immigration
east coast cities over 70% of immigrants
crowded living conditions poor sanitation
animal and human waste
poor garbage disposal
chronic health problems
industiral pollution
soft coal
factory waste
-Urban populations expanded from 1840-1920
-Fueled by immigration
-Led to crowded living conditions, poor sanitation, and industrial polution
-Reactions:
-Grassroots activism
-women at the forefront
-neighborhood associations
-Many victories at the city level
-build new sewage, monitor water and health
-Emergence of "public health" as an environmental issue
U.S fish & wildlife service (1940) |
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Term
| New Deal Environmentalism |
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Definition
merge conservation and economic development to stimulate the economy
example the dust bowl and the soil conservation act (1955) Civilian conservation corp Tennesse valley river authority
merge conservation and Economic Development to stimulate the economy
-soil and water conservation programs to stimulate the economy
ex: The Dust Bowl and the soil conservation act (1935), in which people were hired to go out and plant trees, etc.
ex: Civilian Conservation Corp hired people for public works programs like water conservation |
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Term
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Definition
supported new deal environmentalism
served in office from 1933-1945 and put forth this New Deal environmentalism |
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Term
| Tennessee Valley River Authority |
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Definition
Dams, development and jobs
Provided dams, development, and jobs
-Conserved water, natural resources, and hindered flooding |
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Term
| U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1940) |
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Definition
Part of Post progressive-era environmentalism
Wildlife refuges for recreation, hunting and fishing
hunting and fishing recreational concerns enther the environmental movement
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is a federal government agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior dedicated to the management of fish, wildlife, and habitats. The mission of the agency reads as "working with others to conserve, protect, and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people."
The U.S. FWS originated in 1871 as the U.S. Commission on Fish and Fisheries, created by Congress with the purpose of studying and recommending solutions to a decline in food fish. Spencer Fullerton Baird was appointed its first commissioner.In 1885, the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy was established in the Department of Agriculture, which in 1896 became the Division of Biological Survey. Its early work focused on the effect of birds in controlling agricultural pests and mapping the geographical distribution of plants and animals in the United States. Jay Norwood Darling was appointed Chief of the new Bureau of Biological Survey in 1934; under his guidance, the Bureau began an ongoing legacy of protecting vital natural habitat throughout the country. The Fish and Wildlife Service was finally created in 1940, when the Bureaus of Fisheries and Biological Survey were combined after being moved to the Department of the Interior. Today, the Service consists of a central administrative office with eight regional offices and nearly 700 field offices distributed throughout the United States.
The Service is a bureau within the Department of Interior. Its mission is, working with others, to conserve, protect and enhance fish, wildlife, plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. The Service manages 548 National Wildlife Refuges and 66 National Fish Hatcheries amongst other facilities. |
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Term
| National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) |
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Definition
Teddy Roosevelt administered it
National Wildlife Refuge is a designation for certain protected areas of the United States managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The National Wildlife Refuge System is the world's premiere system of public lands and waters set aside to conserve America's fish, wildlife and plants. Since President Theodore Roosevelt designated Florida's Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge as the first wildlife refuge in 1903, the System has grown to more than 150 million acres, 584 national wildlife refuges and other units of the Refuge System, plus 37 wetland management districts.
The mission of the Refuge System is to manage a national network of lands and waters for the conservation, management, and where appropriate, restoration of fish, wildlife and plant resources and their habitat. The Refuge System maintains the biological integrity, diversity and environmental health of these natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations of Americans. |
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Term
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Definition
Pioneered the filelf of ecology
Advocate for wild places as well as scientific management of those places
-Pioneered the field of Ecology |
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Term
| A Sand County Almanac (1949) |
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Definition
written by Aldo Leopold
Leopold's book dexcribing around his home, biotic things, big influence to the ecological movement |
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Term
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Definition
Moral valuing of land and scientific understanding/management of land
-Land should be morally valued
-moral valuing of land + scientific understanding/management of land |
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Term
| Rachael Carson (1907-1964) |
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Definition
Wrote silent spring part of post progressive era
-Worked for FWS
-Noticed that fish and bird populations were decreasing because of actions we take
-Mobilized public opinions and legislations to regulate chemicals and pesticides we use |
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Term
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Definition
Talked about pesticides, ddt
Explored the subject of environmental connectedness
Mobilized public opinion and legislation to regulate chemicals and pesticides
-Written by Carson
-Talks about pesticides, DDT harming the environment
-Explored the subject of environmental connectedness |
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Term
| The Wilderness Act of 1964 |
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Definition
Defined wilderness as "An area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himslef is a visitor who does not remain."
Created national wilderness preservation system
-Defined Wilderness as…
-“an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain.”
-Created the National Wilderness Preservation System
-Prohibited
-Logging, mining, roads, mechanized vehicles, other development
-Allowed
-Non-motorized recreation, scientific research |
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Term
| National Wilderness Preservation System |
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Definition
Prohibited: logging, mining, roads, mechanical vehicles, other development
Allowed: Non-motorized recreation (horse back riding)
Scientific reserch (with appropriate permit)
-Prohibited
-Logging, mining, roads, mechanized vehicles, other development
-Allowed
-Non-motorized recreation, scientific research |
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Term
| "Shallow Ecology" vs. "Deep Ecology" |
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Definition
Shallow ecology only relies on science to understand nature, while deep ecology looks at morals and philosophy
Deep Ecology (1973)
Arne Naess
Ecological Science cannot answer ethical questions
Shallow
Ecological wisdom gained via deep philosophical questing of nature |
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Term
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Definition
-The social mentality that leads to the domination of women is the same as as the mentality that leads to the abuse of the environment
-our society's attitudes towards women are connected to our attitudes towards the environment |
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Term
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Definition
Signed into law National Environmental Policy Act creating the EPA
Clean Air Act
Clean Water Act
Endangered Species Act
Environmental Legislation was under him |
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Term
| National Environmental Policy Act (1970) |
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Definition
Created Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
-Monitors pollution
-Environmental impact assessments
-Government projects needed to go through these assessments |
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Term
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Definition
| Smog and Emission standards |
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Term
| Endangered Species Act (1973) |
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Definition
Economic ocncerns are trumped by the need to protect a species designated as endangered or threatened
Allos a species that is endangered to be over an other concern |
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Term
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Definition
-Movement Led by western politicians, miners, loggers, etc...
-Wanted government to sell land from Public Lands for private interests
- sagebrush rebellion bill 1979 established a reviewboard in the state of Nevada to have more control over the land |
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Term
| Thomas Malthus' thinking the population problem and its solutions |
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Definition
| Population grow geometrically. Food production grow arithmetically. Population will outgrow food production and there will be natural checks to counter it. Solutions are moral restraint (abstinence, adopt middle class values) and benign neglect. |
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Term
| Malthus' "Natural Law" of Population (Population Growth vs. Food Supply Growth & "Natural Checks") |
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Definition
| Poverty, war, famine are all checks to control population and therefore natural. Benign neglect to deal with checks. Must not have sympathy to those in poverty because it's their fault. Power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the Earth to produce subsistence for man. |
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Term
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Definition
| Holds many of the same ideas, but expands ideas to environmental issues. Overpopulation causes poverty and environmental destruction. Must control birth rates to save the planet. Thomas Malthus argued that moral restraint was the only way to control birth rates. Neo-malthusians believe birth control, sterilization, and education are other ways to control birth rates. |
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Term
| Paul Ehrlichs' thinking the population problem an dits solutions |
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Definition
Born in Philadelphia, PhD in Biological Sciences from Kansas, Professor at Stanford. -Advocated it as the "Population Bomb"- introduced population growth as envirinmental problem
-A malthusian catastrophe argument, Predicted that in the 1970s and 1980s hundreds of millions of people willl starve to death due to overpopulation.
-Founded Zero Population Growth (in which the population hangs in a balance in which it neither grows or declines)
The population explosion 1990
Two Solutions:
1)Birth Rate Solution: birth control, sterilization, education etc.
2)Death Rate Solution: Famine, Starvation, etc |
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Term
| The Population Bomb (1968) |
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Definition
Introduced that population was an environmental problem by Ehrlich
introduced population growth as envirinmental problem
-A malthusian catastrophe argument, Predicted that in the 1970s and 1980s hundreds of millions of people willl starve to death due to overpopulation. |
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Term
| The Population Explosion (1990) |
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Definition
Baby boomers have babies
Ehrlich said "arresting population growth should be second in importance only to avoiding nuclear war on humanity's agenda"
Co authored with wife |
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Term
| Birth and Death Rate Solution |
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Definition
| Zackey said don't worry about this. But it is in reference to Ehrlich's proposed solutions to the population problem. |
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Term
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Definition
wrote Tragedy of Commons and Lifeboat Ethics; solution is benign neglect
From Dallas, TX PHD in microbiology
Tragedy of the commons
Life boat Ethics
Overpopulated developed countries wanting to go into the lifeboat
The cornucopian view
The problem between population and resources can be solved by human ingenuity |
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Term
| "Lifeboat Ethics" (reading) |
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Definition
| (reading) The idea that developed/stable countries are only doing harm to overpopulated, developing countries by aiding them with food donations because this is getting rid of the natural force of famine that keeps population in check. It also stated that countries like America allowing immigration will only result in less land and fewer resources for the current citizens' descendants; allowing immigrants in must be balanced by decreasing the birthrate of the country involved, or it will become overpopulated itself. |
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Term
| The Cornucopian view on Population |
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Definition
- problem of population and resources can be solved by human ingenuity, technology can raise carrying capacity
-Maximizing human economic and intellectual freedom through sponsering of techonological solutions
the problem between population and resources can be solved by human ingenuity |
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Term
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Definition
-Space (land) in which we can maximize
Carrying Capacity of Land can be raised w/ technological solutions
Maximum # of organisms that an eco-system can support E.G. Green Revolution |
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Term
| Socio-Political Perspectives on Population and its solutions |
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Definition
· Poverty --> overpopulation
o Lack of access to birth control and reproductive services
o Family = assets
Children can become labor
o As parents get older they expect children to take care of them
o High infant mortality rates tend to motivate parents to have more children
o Lack of education – people now tend to have children later because they want to pursue a career
· Solutions
o Redistribution of wealth, equalize society
o Improved access to health care
o Social security
o Opportunity/education for women
Poverty->Overpopulation
1. When poor, your labor is asset, so make babies and have more labor
2. Social Security: When older, your children will take care of you
3. High infantmortality rates, don't know if children will die from 1 to 5, so you have more children
4. Poor education, access to technology
5. Gender bias, consent of have more babies to have boys
6. In general, women tend to not get the funding for an education so they're bound to make babies: women have less opportunites |
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Term
| Karl Marx's Perspectives on Population and its solutions |
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Definition
-saw the impacts of the influence of Malthus' thoughts in Germany's public policies and sought to argue against Malthus' "Natural Law of Population" (it implied the the principle of popluation growth applied to all societies)
-Marx, however, believed conditions of poverty are fostered by certain modes of production (i.e feudalism, capitalism, socialism, etc)
-under socialism: increase in population = increase in production
-Therefore no “population problem” under socialism, instead poverty is a capitalism problem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The Demographic Transition Model/Theory |
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Definition
| used to present the process of explaining the transformation of countries from high birth rates & high death rates to low death rates and birth rates as part of the economic development of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Today it is about 1.3 billion (20% of the world population)
· 1950 – China’s population was 563 million
· 1 out of every 5 people on earth is a resident of China
· Americans – consume 200 times more than the average people in China |
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Term
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Definition
-exchange of food from old world to new world & vice versa
-sweet potatoes & corn
-allowed new agricultural opportunities & food for people as it allowed china to make use of rocky soil |
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Term
| Mao Zedong's thinking the population |
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Definition
· Labor – “every mouth comes with two hands” – Mao Zedong
o Marxist Orthodox (i.e. no population problem under socialism)
o Opposed Malthus saying that its not poverty that caused overpopulation
· Military – increase military might
o Experience of the civil and Korean wars |
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Term
| Agriculture an dthe Environment |
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Definition
Agriculture: the cultivation of plants and animals for human use
-Remove certain species to focus nutrients, light, and water on more particular species |
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Term
| Animal & Plant Domestication |
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Definition
Humans are an evolutionary force
o Domestication is artificial selection (vs. natural selection)
o Domestication creates interdependency – dangerous situation
o Many reasons we domesticate life
§ Food
§ Aesthetics - flowers
§ Protection, companionship, or some other function
o Domestication is a gradual, unplanned process
§ Hunting à selective hunting à herding à selective breeding à (Genetic Modification?)
§ Gathering à selective gathering à tending à selective breeding (Genetic engineering?)
· The Earth has millions of plant species
o 3000 have been used as agricultural crops
o 150 species cultivated on a large scale
o Most of the world’s food is provided by 14 crops
§ Order of importance: wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, sweet potatoes, manioc, sugarcane, sugar beet, common beans, soybeans, barley, sorghum, coconuts, and bananas
§ Of these, 6 directly or indirectly, provide 80% of the total calories consumed by human beings |
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Term
| Why did Hunting and Gathering People turn to Agriculture? |
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Definition
First Reason: Environmental Change Hypothesis
o 12,000 years ago, onset of cooler and drier conditions
o Plant and animal resources decline à stress à agriculture
· Second Reason: Population Increase Hypothesis
o Hunting technology à increase population à less resources à reduced mobility à agriculture and intensification of land use |
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Term
| Agro-Ecosystems versus Natural Ecosystems |
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Definition
Agro-Ecosystems
1. keeps succession in beginning stage
-farming keeps nature at the beginning of succession
- ex. plowing/burning
2. reduced biodiversity
-monoculture (mono-cropping)
3. simplistic morphological structure
-(ex. planting in rows)
4. pesticide and fertilizer application
5. genetic modification |
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Term
| Environmental Impacts of Agriculture (Soil Erosion,Declining Soil Fertility, Eutrophication, Pesticides and Herbicides, over-Grazing, Desertification) |
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Definition
Soil Erosion
Natural replacement rate of top soil is very low
Since the end of WWII about 10.5% of best soil has been degraded
Declining Soil Fertility
Agriculture removes nutrients from the soil
Erosion also degrades fertility
Eutrophication
Heavy use of fertilizers leads to increase of nutrients in water bodies leads to increased algae growth leads to de-oxygenation of water called “dead zones”
Pesticides and Herbicides
Even with pesticide use pests account for 10-30% loss of crops
U.S. uses 700 million pounds of pesticides
Over-Grazing
Contributes to soil erosion
Trampling compacts soil
Release of waste near water leads to eutrophication
Desertification
Serious problem caused by overgrazing in dry climates |
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Term
| Environmental Impacts of Agriculture (Soil Erosion,Declining Soil Fertility, Eutrophication, Pesticides and Herbicides, over-Grazing, Desertification) |
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Definition
Soil Erosion
Natural replacement rate of top soil is very low
Since the end of WWII about 10.5% of best soil has been degraded
Declining Soil Fertility
Agriculture removes nutrients from the soil
Erosion also degrades fertility
Eutrophication
Heavy use of fertilizers leads to increase of nutrients in water bodies leads to increased algae growth leads to de-oxygenation of water called “dead zones”
Pesticides and Herbicides
Even with pesticide use pests account for 10-30% loss of crops
U.S. uses 700 million pounds of pesticides
Over-Grazing
Contributes to soil erosion
Trampling compacts soil
Release of waste near water leads to eutrophication
Desertification
Serious problem caused by overgrazing in dry climates |
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Term
| Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Agriculture on Soil Erosion |
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Definition
Contour plowing - follows natural “lay of the land”
· No Till agriculture
o Stems and roots are left to hold soil and help replenish fertility
o 1991-2001: No-till increased from 7% to 30%
· Riparian Buffers – by the river
· Strip-cropping
o Reduces wind and soil erosion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Strategies to mitigate the impacts of Agriculture on Soil Fertility |
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Definition
1. fallowing- the practice of leaving a portion of land idle for a period of time
2. crop rotation- different crops drain different nutrients
use of legumes as nitrogen fixers
grain legume complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| leaving land unused for a cycle to regain nutrients and moisture |
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Term
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Definition
| various areas of the world have a couple main crops they grow on the same piece of land, but different seasons because carb plants and protein plants use different nutrients |
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Term
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Definition
Nitrogen at the roots of beans is used to give nutrition to the soil so other plants can grow.
Part of crop rotation different crops drain different nutrients use of legumes |
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Term
| Biological Control and Integrated Pest Management |
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Definition
-uses biological predators to control pests
-Ex. Ladybugs eat plant eating bugs
-Ex. Wasps lay eggs in plant eating bugs, killing them
-Integrated pest management (IPM)
-use a combination of pesticides and biological control
-can reduce pesticide use by 75% |
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Term
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Definition
| Food produced without pesticides, herbicides, or hormones and in a more 'environmentally friendly' way. usually more expensive. |
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Term
| Eating Lower on the Food Chain |
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Definition
| Eating lower on the food chain is beneficial in terms of energy efficiency. Each time energy is passed up a trophic level, only 10% of the energy gets passed on. Additionally it takes much more water per kg of beef product than it does per kg of potatoes (for example). |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulated the release of pollutants into streams and sewers |
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Term
| Problems with the One Child Policy |
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Definition
difficult to have the responsibilities of taking care of two parents, four grandparents, etc (bottleneck)
uneven male:female ratio; little emperors, human rights issues (infanticide, abortion), distortion of family concept |
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