Term
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Definition
Surface: Wind direction determines way currents will go.
Deep Water: Temperatures- cold & saline. |
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Term
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Definition
Warm: Ex. Florida current, few nutrients, blue water, very few fish(except near coral reef)
Cold: Ex. California, green water, many organisms in water, lots of fish, water still cold in summer.
-lots of oxygen
-rich in nutriants(remains of dead thing
-Most productive(large types of fish)
-Upwelling(deep water brought to top many nutrients/plankton) |
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Term
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Definition
-Come from greek "planktos" = wanderer
-phytoplankton- Small plants(size of fingernail), algae or diatom
-Zooplankton- Animal(tiny animals that float in water)
-PROVIDE BASE OF FOOD CHAIN! |
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Term
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Definition
-Over 1,000 species rely on kelp
- only occurs where there is a hard substrate(can't attach to sand)
-kelp forests, kelp beds: California has some of most extensive forests in world.
-One of fastst growing plants in world, harvested(used in ice cream) |
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Term
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Definition
-Eat sea urchins which graze on algae & kelp.
-Turn of century, all otters extinc from CA; killed for fur. Lead to explosion of urchins, ate all the kelp which caused fisheries to crash.
-1930- Sea otter reappears so does kelp. |
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Term
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Definition
-Used to be in LA river
-Dam problem: Salmon can't return to original fresh water habitats to lay eggs, salmon ladders allow salmon to get up dam but then baby salmon get sucked in to generators on way back down.
-Creates warmer water, uncomfortable for salmon. |
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Term
| Fish location and history, EEZ & Bush doctrine |
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Definition
-40% of world population live 100km(60mi) from the coast.
-Colonial period: whaling(huge industry), pushed whals to extinction.
-Today(Global): International fishing fleets; after WWII overfished so much that many species disappeared.
-Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ): 200 miles of economic fishing off shore.
-GWBUSH: Established Northwestern Hawaiian National Monument- 84 billion acres of protection for 1000's of specie
-Huge reserve to prevent fishing! |
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Term
| Fishing Methods: Hook/line, long line |
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Definition
-Hook & Line: Individuals w/ poles; can catch almost anything, minimal impact.
-Long Lining: Boat w/ long line(1km), w/ baiting for select species(Swordfish/tuna); Impact good to select desired fish(little bycatch), but bad due to overfishing.
-Purse-seine nets: 2 boats look like they're piggy backing, smaller boat sent off where sonar finds most fish, circle fish area with nets, pull everything in(Salmon/tuna), HUGE BYCATCH- dolphins, turtles, etc)
-Bottom Trawling: Boat w/ big net swept across bottom of ocean, scrape up everything in path(flounder, shrimp, cod); Impact: bycatch(random, no selectivity in netting; 1 to 5 ratio of by catch to desired.)has TED- turtle exlusion device sized for turtles to open door for them to swim out.
-Baited Pods: Pots on back of boat, thrown into water to come back for later(lobster, crab); Impact is good for selecting species.
-Fish Farming(aquaculture): Very common in temperate regions. Big pens out in water, eggs hatched & feed.(Salmon/shrimp); Impact: cut down mangroves for shrimp farms, salmon add nutrients to water not natural. |
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Term
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Definition
-Global positioning system
-Triangulation to find exact pt on earth; takes 3 sites to find one exact spot.
-India: Sir Everest- started doing triangulation all over country, took 15 years.
-Satellites were historically, military satellites & developed by military. |
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Term
| GPS use for biodiversity survey |
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Definition
-Transmitters placed on animals to track migration. Ex. hawks disappearing, traced them where they died, found out area where they died was from farmer's area that's sprayed w/ deadly fertilizers.
-Ocean animals: Turtles, manatees: finds where many gather and tells boaters to slow down to ensure safety. |
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Term
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Definition
-Geographic Information Systems
-Created by Dr. John Snow(19th c. England); mapped location of Cholera, identified where clusters were and correlated outbreaks w/ water pumps. |
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Term
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Definition
-GIS data:
~Point data- a well(node)
~Line data- a street(arc)
~Area data- a house(polygon)
-Overlaying data allows for analysis |
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Term
| GIS is used for planning what? |
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Definition
Business: locate best spot for one
Health science: overlaying variables related to diseased.
Political Science
Natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
-Study of Earth without coming in direct contact.
-Use of satellites, take an image, evolving rapidly, may create data sets to be used in GIS(rastor data)
-same technology as camera(pixels) organized in grid columns and rows. |
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Term
| What is passive remote sensing? |
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Definition
Records reflected & emitted energy
-reflected: visable image
-emitted: Thermal, temperature |
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Term
| What is the Electromagnetic spectrum |
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Definition
-Info on wavelengths of reflected & emitted energy.
-X-rays(tight, dense, high energy wavelengths)
-UV(high frequency, slightly longer, not visible to humans)
-Visible(blue, green, red of spectrum)
-infrared(Below red, longer wavelength); useful to see in dark, showing part of spectrum we can normally see, useful to study vegetation(health/water of plant, etc.)
-Thermal: heat given off by things(longer waves, can see temperature
-Microwaves
-Radar
-Radio wave(can be km long); FM station- tune in to certain point on wavelength to pick up station. |
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Term
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Definition
-US is one of best at putting satellites in space as well as great w/ public access
-Used to study weather/climate; GOES Satellites= global data in 1km by 1km resolution. Records visible(clouds), infrared & thermal.
-Study vegetation: Landsat- 192-2010, American satellite- 30m by 30m, free!
-Used for urban planning: GeoEye- .6m by .6m starts to show human beings, visible & infrared. |
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Term
| What is Active remote sensing? |
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Definition
-Sends & recieved energy pulse
Radar: radio detection & ranging, developed a sensor that sends & recieves energy pulse, good data on distance, velocity & elevation.
-Lidar: light detection & ranging, uses a laser. |
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Term
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Definition
-Fringe reef= offshore
-Patch reef= little boulders of coral in lagoons.
-Barrier Reef= far offshore(what creates the lagoon in this barrier) |
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Term
| Origin and evolution of reef |
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Definition
1st- volcanic island w/ nothing around
2nd- fringe reef begins to colonize
3rd- Island/volcan erosion becom barrier reefs.
4th- atolls created
5th- seamountsl everything eroded, island underwater. |
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Term
| 4 things coral need to survive |
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Definition
-North 30 or South 30 degrees.
-65 to 91 degree temp
-Must have clear water!
-Shallow water- continental shelf(1-90m) |
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Term
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Definition
-360,000 sq miles in world(smal biome)
-Philippines: boards ecological collapse(40% alive/10% good condition)
-Indonesia
-Figi; only native figins can own land; tribe system- great local management. |
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Term
| Patterns of diversity in stony coral(Caribbean/indo-Pacific) |
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Definition
caribbean:67 species
indo-pacific: 450 species |
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Term
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Definition
-200 mya
-made up of both plant & animal; living polyps(animal)secrete calcium carbonate & zooxawthellae(plant)are blue-green algae.
-symbiotic relationship(90% have it), polyps get oxygen/nutrients, algae get CO2 & ammonia. |
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Term
| Coral conservation impact |
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Definition
-1/10 completely destroyed; 1/3 degraded(3/4 in 50 years)
-Why we care?: Beautiful! Tourism! Buffer Islands! Food! |
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Term
| What is causing damage to coral reef? |
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Definition
Dynamite Fishing- Philippines, and cyanide fishing for pet trade
-Sediment runoff- high levels of deforestation, coral secrete mucus to proect but only temporary.
-Bleaching: corals die; temp increase higher than 91 degrees, algae leaves, common in el nino season, but sediment run off has increased it. |
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Term
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Definition
Tourism- Worlds biggest industry
Good tourism vs. Bad= Cruises, good- local hotels, lots of walking. |
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Term
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Definition
-Buy insurance
-avoid Ensenada except beaches
-no driving at night
-no guns/drugs
-Bribe cops
-Only camp in camping book spots.
-Fill car in Catavina
-boarder stop always take right side |
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Term
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Definition
Good- Intercepts ultraviolet light
Bad- Manufactured gases: chloroflourocarbons(CFCS)- hairspray, refrigerators, air conditioners all release chlorine which breaks up ozone 100-100,000 times.
-1950- 35,000 tons; 1985-PEAK(650k)
-1978- USA BANS CFCS
-MONTREAL PROTOCOL(1987) Global ban
-2000- Worst ozone later
-2050- No influence by humans on ozone |
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Term
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Definition
-worst in US; Smog
-Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, sufler dioxide, ozone
-Sunlight Chemical reaction- Visible
-Thermal inversion layer
REGULATIONS: Smog check, industry, fireplaces. |
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Term
| USA AIR POLLUTION: Where does it come from? What is ZEV? |
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Definition
-1/2 from automobiles: 200 million cars, SUVS- US made SUVs count as trucks.
-ZEV: CA policy for zero emission vehicles for public use, 4,450-14,450 by 2003; sued by Feds! |
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Term
| Air pollution in world; China/Europe |
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Definition
China: Burning leaves, coal(autumn)
Europe: Historically bad(industrial revolution) but has since cleaned up. |
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Term
| Fossil Fuels: What, where, how its refined |
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Definition
What: Land has forests, decomposes and new forests grow on top, accumulates biomass; ocean has phytoplankton accumulating on ocean floor.
-Made from Carbon, oxygen & hydrogen.
-COAL: Mined tunnels, strip mining(mtn topping)
-OIL: Must be refined in heat tank, creates: asphalt, diesel, gasolinee, natural gas. |
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Term
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Definition
-Oil field in long beach to san pedro
3rd largest oil field in lower 48 states. |
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Term
| WHAT IS OPEC? WHO IS A PART OF IT? DEMOCRACIES? HOW MUCH OIL DOES IT PROVIDE? |
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Definition
-Organization of petroleum exporting countires:Indonesia, Algeria, Kuwait, UAE and Nigeria(Democracy), Angola, Venezuela,Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Qatar, S. Arabia(NOT)
-Provides 50% of oil. |
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Term
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Definition
Coal= $2 Billion in subsidies
-Oil is king!
-Cut renewable energy spending each year(except last 2) by $190 million. |
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Term
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Definition
-5% of population uses 26% of world energy
-Push to focus on renewable energy.
-2001: 7.5% of US energy renewable, 2004- 6%(BUSH); Now 7.5% and climbing. |
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Term
| Types of renewable energy |
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Definition
| Usage: 42% Hydro, 31% Wood, 11% biofuel, 6% waste, 5% geothermal, 4% wind, 1% solar |
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Term
| Hydropower: how, benefits, tradeoff |
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Definition
How: Dams
Benefits: 1/2 renewable energy, cheap
tradeoff: Sediment buildup, changes water temp(hotter) |
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Term
| What has the Mayor of LA down for sustainability? |
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Definition
-Moved DWP away from coal; 76% natural gas, since he's been mayor it has gone from 3 to 9 % renewable
-ASks DWP to buy energy from clean sources.
-20% of LA on renewable energy by 2017. |
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Term
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Definition
-street lights swapped old light bulbs w/ efficient ones.
-SM mountins: fire monitor for non-native species, protect mtn lions/coyotes.
-MILLION TREE PLEDGE: cooler temp, fixes carbon, aesthetic beauty, 300,000 so far. |
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Term
| How big is LA sewar system> |
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Definition
6,500 miles, 600 spills/yr. Report card for coast scores on e. Coli.
-SMURRF- $9 million |
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Term
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Definition
| 1314 2nd street, 100% recycled material 98% reused, 70% less water, 60% less energy. |
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Term
| Sugar, banana, rice, pineapple location |
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Definition
-sugar: new guinea
-banana: papa new guinea
-Pineapple: peraguay
-Opium: spain |
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Term
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Definition
| all together could fit into province of B.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| -Spatially correlate multiple types of data & establish relationships between different things. Applications for city planning, business, health, poli sci, & natural resource extraction. |
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Term
| Avg household expenditure on energy per year. |
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Definition
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