Term
| How did greeks know earth was round? |
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Definition
-Way clouds looked from afar & near
-Eclipse of moon
-N.Star changes angle as you walk
-Aristole-Assigned zones; frigid/temp/torrid; flipped em over other side of hemisphere. |
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Term
|
Definition
-A group of like plant and animals(eco-regions/ecosystems)
-Forests, woodlands, shrubs, grasslands, desert. |
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Term
| Arctic & Alpine Tundra: Where, why, Fire,plants, People, Conservation? |
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Definition
Where: N. America & Siberia
Why: 7 months below freezing
Plants: Prostrate(Bend down/flat), perennial, ALL EDIBLE.
-Fire:NO
-Peoples Use: Oil
-Conservation: Very good, no mass habitat alteration, very few ENDEMICS |
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Term
| Boreal Forest(Tiagra): Where/Why/Plants/People/Conservation |
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Definition
Where:N. America, Europe(Finland), Russia
Why: Ground does not freeze year-round, permits tree.
Plants: Conifers:cone-bearing plants, very primitive/old, "softwood".
People's use: Wood
Conservation: OK, some clear-cutting, low endemic, Old Growth(over 600yrs) |
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Term
| Temperate Deciduous Forest: Where/why/plants/usage/conservation. |
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Definition
Where:Eastern US, Western Europe, Japan, China.
Why: Winter super cold/summer super hot
Plants:Flowering plants(Oak, magnolia, laurel;BROAD LEAF TREES w/ tropical leaves. Die out in winter.)
Peoples Use: Hardwood, Highly developed(east coast, w.europe, S. australia)
Conservation: OK |
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Term
| Temperate Grasslands: Where/why/plants/people/Conservation |
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Definition
Where:US(Prairie), S. Africa(Veldt), Russia(Steppe), Argentina(Pampas)
Why:Hot summer, LOW RAINFAL, FIRES!
Plants: Perennials, most of plant(grass) is underground.
Fires: YES, ABSOLUTELY- keep shrubs from invasion.
Peoples use: Agriculture, Grazing.
Conservation: Ugly |
|
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Term
| Mediterranean:Where/what/plants/usage/conservation. |
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Definition
Where: Mediterranean, Cali, Central chili, S. Africa, S. Australia.
Why: Summer hot/dry, winter wet(Due to cold currents from water & mtns in back)
Plants: Shrubs, heat resistant: small leaves(point up), distinct smell,
-FIRES! VERY IMPORTANT (1/50yrs)
-Endemics: LOTS, 2000 in cali, 13,000 in mediterranean
People use: Love to live in med. ecosystems.
conservation: Between OK & BAD |
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Term
| What effects does fire have on mediterranean? |
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Definition
-Plants adapted to fire seeds will not open unless there's a fire(Ca. Lilac)
-Basal resprouting-regrow from base of plant
-Ribbon-like bark: very flammable
-Turpentine w/in structure(very flammble) |
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Term
|
Definition
Where: Amazon, Congo, South East Asia
Why: Inter-tropical convergence zone(ITCZ)
Plants: High canopy, shallow roots, VERY DIVERSE(300 species per 1 hector), epiphytes
Usage: subsistence agriculture, timber
Conservation: Mainland OK, Ugly on ISLAND. |
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Term
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Definition
Where: Mexico, Central America, S. America, Madagascar, India, Indonesia.
Why:ITCZ(Rainshadow)
Plants: Shorter canopy(20-30m), deciduous leves, very few epiphytes.
Use: Seasonality makes for rich ag soil in rainforest, easy to burn, good cattle grazing.
Conservation:REALLY UGLY! |
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Term
| Whats the difference between tropical rainforests and dry forest? |
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Definition
| -No epiphytes in dry forest, shorter canopy, rainshadow effect on dry side(ITCZ), DECIDUOUS LEAVES |
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Term
|
Definition
Inter-tropical convergence zone
-area where tradewinds converge on equator, making for humid tropics(provides rainy/dry season) & monsoons. |
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Term
|
Definition
Where:Brazil, Venezuala, Africa, India, Australia.
Why: Low Precipitation(50-100cm)
Plants: Grasses(annuals/live 1yr), scattered trees(very adapt to fire)
Fire:YES; wet when alive, dry when die, burn, recycle & repeat.
Usage: agriculture
Conservation: OK |
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Term
| Desert:2 types; where/why/plant/usage/conservation. |
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Definition
Where: Hot- Sahara, Mexico, Atacama(no rain), Sonora
Cold: Gobi, Iran, Mojave
Why: 50cm or less precipitation
Plants: Hot: succulent(cactus), have spines, annuals
Cold: No succulents, have shrubs(Creosote)
Usage: Mining
Conservation: Good! |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the DNA building blocks?` |
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Definition
| Adenine-thymine, cytosine-quanine |
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Term
| What is the 1 true religon? Why? |
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Definition
Ancestral worship; ancestors survived long enough to produce ME.
-500mya: invertebrate
-400mya Fish(EYES)
-300mya:reptile(FINGERNAILS)
-225mya: Shrew
-36mya:Primate(Thumb, Tail)
-2mya Homo |
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Term
| How old our the hunter/gatherers? Agriculture? |
|
Definition
hunters-100,000-10,000yrs
Farmers-10,000-today |
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Term
| Interesting genetics of isolated islands |
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Definition
Megafauna- islands lack niche(lions/tigers), so HUGE species form; i.e Komodo Dragon; New Zealand- Moa(GIANT BIRD)
-Dwarfism- Animals shrink due to limited resources: pigmy mammoth on catalina.
-Island naivity: The dod has no fear, no predators, no mobility to run away. |
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Term
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Definition
| Giant megafauna bird of New Zealand. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first spearhead; huge part in humans killing spree of megafauna |
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Term
|
Definition
-Paul Martin: Humans responsible for extinction of megafauna in N. Eurasia & N/S America.
-14,000 yrs ago
-Species had never encountered humans, did not recognize as a threat.
-Mammoth, giant bison, ground sloth, saber-tooth tiger, etc.
-Ecological disruption
-Rapidly increased human populations: within 1,000 yrs humans migrated to tip of S. America.
-Evidence: sudden extinction, follows spread of humans, Megafauna evolved w/ humans in Africa, developed antipredator behavior |
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Term
| Hawaii: When colonized? Birds? |
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Definition
-1,500yrs ago
-75% of birds extinct |
|
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Term
Last 20,000 yrs: Humans vs ?
Last 2,000 yrs? |
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Definition
| Humans vs. animals/ humans vs. humans(competition) |
|
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Term
| how are domesticated animals killing humans? |
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Definition
| Diseases: measles, smallpox(cows), TB, Flu's(Pigs/ducks), AIDS(monkeys) |
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Term
| Human population from 1650-2013? Why the increase? |
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Definition
1/2 billion to 7 billion.
-More surviving to repoductive age, people living longer. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1798- Stated: Human growth is exponential, agriculture is linear.
-MASS FAMINE!
-Didnt happen, why: People left Britain & colonized rest of world, technology improved, increased max yield. |
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Term
|
Definition
1960's author of "Population Bomb"
-Mass famine by 2000
Why not?: Resources no distributed evenly, 3 billion live on under 3$/day
-Family planning programs: 1950's-70'
s= Centralized program, incentive based, men were head of household.
-1980's to now: local control, access based(no incentives), from men to women as primary target. |
|
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Term
| What brought everyone to California? |
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Definition
| Wars: Japanese(WW2), Phillipinos citizenship for joining navy(WW2), Koreans, Vietnamese, Mongol, Persians(biggest pop outside baghdad), Armenians(fled genocide), Chinese(fled hongkong) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cuban immigration policy: If you can reach one foot on American soil you in! |
|
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Term
| Has population growth dropped in last few yrs? |
|
Definition
| Yes, from 5-4 kids to around 3, higher investment less kids. |
|
|
Term
| How much of population is under reproductive age?(16) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect has AIDS had on africa |
|
Definition
| Horrific: Zimbabwe 25%(LIFE EXPECTANCY DROPPED 60 to 30yrs old), Zambia 20%, S. Africa 15% |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-India- 1.1 billion,
-Pakistan-143 Million(expected to double in 27yrs)
-Nigeria-129 million(double in 24yrs) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Bangladesh- 133 million
Phillipines-80 million
Egypt- 71 Million |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Equal or less than replacement size
Iran: 7 to 52 Medical schools, train women! Close replacement size, good public health & population.
-Thailand
-Malaysia
-Burma
-China: 1976- one child policy(2 children taxed 25% of income) |
|
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Term
| How many people have HPV? Herpes? Syphillis? HIV? |
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Definition
HPV= 50% in US, 80% in urban area
Herpes= 20%
Syphillis= 1%
HIV= 1/300 people
(An ounce of prevention= pound of cure) |
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Term
| Most people are in US because of... |
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Definition
| Plants! (Ex. Irish potato famine) |
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Term
| Spices: Where/history/impact/ New World spice? |
|
Definition
WHere: Indonesia(spice islands; controlled by dutch)
History: worth weight in gold, Magellan brought 26 tons!
Impact: Good!
New world: Chilis! 5,200 B.C.; spread after columbus discovered, used in every type of cooking, good for you!(Vit A/C than any other plant)
-Good impact, small plants required. |
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|
Term
| Potato: Where/history/impact |
|
Definition
Where: New World; Andes & places too cold for corn, High elevation!
History: spread about old world; irish potato famine(fungus) 1846
-4th largest grown crop***
IMPACT: Generally good, doesn't cause erosion(underground), no pesticides/fertilizers! |
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Term
| Sugar: Where/history/impact |
|
Definition
Where: Indonesia
History: Alexander the Great conquered Asia, brought back sugar as delicacy!
-Grown in Florida
-One of highest subsidized crops(50%)
IMPACT: UGLY - lots of fertilizers; NITROGEN. |
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Term
| When Alexander the Great conquered Asia what plant did he bring back? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is one of the most highly subsidized crops? |
|
Definition
| Sugarcane(50%) & Corn & Wheat |
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Term
| Chocolate: Where/History/IMpact |
|
Definition
Where: Slope of Andes- new world discovery
History: Small trees; caulifory(grows off bark), take out seeds & ferment, monoculture farming
-Biggest exporter: Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Cameroon
-Good for you! If over 60% cacao
IMPACT: Monoculture- BAD
Endangered species cacao bars- Good!
-Grow next to endangered ecosystems to fund their preservation. |
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Term
| What is the most widely drank beverage besides water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where: China(2,000 B.C.)
History: 1/2 tea comes form China, shrubs(alkaloids), tannin gives color
brought by Dutch, popular in UK.
IMPACT- Monoculture(BAD) |
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Term
|
Definition
Coffia Arabica
Where: Highlands of Ethiopia
History: Legend has it that goats ate it, got jittery so humans used it.
-Yemen(mocha city)- exported here around world.
-1st coffee house at Oxford University
-Coffee blight: destroyed most coffee, switched to tea(UK).
-1/2 all coffee from BRAZIL
IMPACT: Sun coffee- BAD(clearcutting rainforest & fertilizers)
Shade Coffee/bird-friendly: Good, no fert/pesticides, high diversity of animals. |
|
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Term
| Where is Mocha City? Where does most coffee come from? |
|
Definition
| Yemen is mocha city & most coffee(1/2) comes from Brazil. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Where: India 2,500 B.C; New World 8,000 BC
Plant: small shrub white balls and black seeds.
Impact: BAD- bleached cotton uses lots of chlorine/pesticides. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Where: Brazil Rubber Tree
History: Amazon Basin trees, make slashes w/ knife and let drain.
NO MONOCULTURE POSSIBLE W/ RUBBER TREES |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Anas Cosmsus
Where: Paraguay
Plant: Bromelied
Impact: BAD/ MONOCULTURE; Lots |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Musa spp.
Where: New Guinea
Plant: Vegetation resprouts
IMPACT: monoculture bad/subsistence good |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What plant was the foundation of civilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Maize: where/history/impact |
|
Definition
-Zea mays
Where: mexico
plant: tall annual, 1/2 of all corn in world grown in USA.
Impact: BAD when monoculture, SUBSIDIZED, good in intercropping. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Triticum
GENUS TRITICUM
Where: Iran
Plant: 7500 BC, highest produced crop in world, uses for humans but ostly livestock, Alcohol.
Impact: BAD monoculture, highly subsidized |
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Term
|
Definition
-Oyza Sativa
Where: Southern Himalayas
Plants: Feeds 2/3 of humans, 1.6 billion(50% of calories)
-Wet & dry versions
-California: 3rd biggest exporter
IMPACT: GOOD IN CALIFORNIA for birds. |
|
|
Term
What crop feeds 2/3 of humanity?
Who is one of the biggest producers? Is this good for the environment? |
|
Definition
RICE! Provides 50% of calories for 1.6 billion people
-California is 3rd biggest producer, good for environment, bird friendly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where: N. America
Plant: New world discovery, Jamestown established to break Spains monopoly on Tobacco. Cigarettes invented by using fuses on canns during war.
Impact: Good, small monoculture
Health: BAD |
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Term
| Why was Jamestown established? |
|
Definition
| To break Spains monopoly on Tobacco |
|
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Term
| Health effects of smoking |
|
Definition
| 1 of 5 in US die from smoking, USA is lenient on smoking EU is not($20/pack= money goes to public health) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Papaver somniferum
Where: Spain
Plant: 5,500 B.C. widely used in Europe until 1700's.
-Cut plant let tar ooze out(NARCOTIC)
-50 alkaloids in plant(MORPHINE)
-Opium wars( BRITAIN vs. China to open ports for opium)
IMPACT: Aghanistan(Biggest producer) |
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Term
|
Definition
-ethroxylum coca
Where: Andes
Plants: small tree, 3000BC, Spanish first to bring it back from new world.
-THOMAS EDISON LOVED IT!
-Dr. Marinin French Tonic made from it.
-Coca Cola had it as ingredient.
HEALTHY! |
|
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Term
| What is Dr. Marinin's French tonic? |
|
Definition
| Extract of coco leaves; recieved Medal of honor. Thomas Edison loved it! |
|
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Term
| What are the health benefits of coco leaves? |
|
Definition
compared to 50 other plants: 1st in calories/protein/carbs/fiber RICH
VITAMIN: A/E
MOST CALCIUM OF ANY PLANT IN WORLD! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ancient Bristlecone Pine @ 4,700 yrs old. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Protected land for watersheds in west.
-National Parks created- Yellowstone |
|
|
Term
| 1960 Multiple Use & Sustained Use Act(Forest usage) |
|
Definition
National forests should be maintained for multiple uses:
-Outdoor recreation: hunting/hiking/dogs
-Rangeland: Cattle
Timber: Any tree cut down & used for economics
Watershed protection: drinking water/aquifers
Wildlife/Fish Habitat: FISHING! |
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|
Term
| Steps to clearcutting; how many forests cut down by 1969? |
|
Definition
-1969: 69% of forests cut down by clear-cutting.
-Steps:
1.) ID forest patch(Govt goes out and finds biggest trees, sells em off at auction)
2.)Build road (govt money)
3.)Cut every tree down
4.) Cable logging- pull trees up slopes w/ cable to trucks, creates bulldozer effect exposing soils. |
|
|
Term
| Name 5 Problems w/ clearcutting |
|
Definition
1.) Soil erosion
2.) Water runoff & sediment erosion choking streams.
3.)Herbicides- weeds colonize after clear cut
4.) Replanting monoculture- Lose diversity, all trees same age.
5.) Decline of wildlife- Spotted owl, symbol of forest conservation! |
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Term
|
Definition
Protect nature, kind of like national park.
-155 National forests today! most in west! |
|
|
Term
| How much money do we lose a year for selling forests? |
|
Definition
1.3 Billion $$$
-road coasts
-administration
-restoration is govt. job |
|
|
Term
| Groups involved in forest politics |
|
Definition
-Managed by US Dept of Agriculture(In charge of selling off forests)
-Dept. Of Interior(manage parks)
-Private company(exploit land)
-non-profits:
1.) Nature conservency- Old, rich whites buy and sell land.
2.)Sierra Club- Started by Muir, lobby for forest protection
3.) Earth First/ELF: Activists |
|
|
Term
| Logging issues under Reagan |
|
Definition
1/2 all redwoods cut down in US, sent to Japan that did PONDING.
-60% overall sent to Japan, Korea, Taiwan
-Logging isn't bad but OLD GROWTH IS(REAGAN ADMINISTRATION)
-TODAY 97% redwoods cut down. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| reduced by 85%; national timber needs only 2% from public land. |
|
|
Term
Roads: How many HWY MILES IN USA?
HOW MANY LOGGING ROAD MILES?
-What is roadless area act? |
|
Definition
44,000 HWY MILES
38,000 LOGGING ROADS!
-US GOVT NO LONGER BUILDING ROADS; BUSH MADE IT UP TO GOVERNOR TO DECIDE ROADS> |
|
|
Term
| Types of Tropical Forests |
|
Definition
| Mangrove, swamps(Ag areaa/freshwater), tropical rainforest(250k insects/200birds), Cloud forests, tropical dry forests, woodlands |
|
|
Term
| Why we're losing tropical forests |
|
Definition
-Agriculture: Slash & burn
-LARGE SCALE: Central America= Banana & coffee; Bolivia- Soybean
-FIRE:NOT ADAPTED, El nino makes very dry.
-TIMBER(NO SEASONS=NO RINGS)Teak/Mahogoany
-ITTO labels wood cut down sustainable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Changes biome to grassland w/ islands of tropics
-SPECIES AREA RELATIONSHIP: AREA DECREASS SO DO SPECIES.
-Selective extinction: Large to small
-Solid forests are lowlight, animals adapted, not to this wide island forests. |
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Term
|
Definition
Regions around world w/ exceptional levels of diversity and endemism under threat by humans: 25 AROUND THE WORLD!
-California: Saves 39% of land as protected area; lots of biodiversity(4000) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Very New: 36 mya
Evolved w/ mammal herbivores w/ extinction of dominant carnivores
-Grasses: Bamboo, sugar, rice, wheat barley
-FIRE: Evoled w/ grasses (lightning)
-NORTH AMERICA: Go from dry west to wet east grasses get taller(Kentucky bluegrass) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1800- Monstrous herd(68 million)
1875- 2.5 million killed annually
1883- Last large herd
1890-1000 left
Yellowstone established to preserve: 200,000 today |
|
|
Term
| CA Grassland development/ Vernal Pools(Development?species? endangered?) |
|
Definition
CA Evolved like an island for plants(2125 endemic plants)
-Central Valley: perennial evergreen bunch grass
-Europeans came, brought grasses unintentionally from BASALT(Dirt weighing down ships)
-1% of native grasses left.
-VERNAL POOLS: Spring pools, Very rare, water accumulates on hardpan, 200 species occur on in vernal pools, 75 ENDANGERED SPECIES-copopods"fairy shrimp"
-DEVELOPED ON, RICE/Buildings |
|
|
Term
| Oak woodlands Genus? usage? |
|
Definition
Genus is Quercus!
used for acorns and for building houses in oak woodlands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -rainshadow theory, works w/ ITCZ makes tropical rainforest and dry forests. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What biomes are fire natural part of? |
|
Definition
| Boreal, Mediterranean, grasslands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A long stemmed woody tree w/ vines that root into soil
-Found in tropical rainforest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-arctostaphylos sp
-poured hot water over berries to make cider
-Wood used for bows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Name:Rhus sp.
-use leaves for misquito repellent, soak berries for lemonade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-leaves strong/ used for wateproof baskets
-Leaves used as needle & thread.
-Root used for soap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Name:Opunita
-edible frit & leaf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Name:Salix sp
-laves used for aspirin & toothache. |
|
|
Term
| What plant produces the seeds that are ground up and used to stun fish? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 moderately developed countries |
|
Definition
| Costa Rica, Chile, Equador |
|
|
Term
| What is a wildlife corridor? |
|
Definition
| an area in which animals can pass through to get to other territories w/o passing through human development or stuck w/ interbreeding. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of earth is covered by tropical forests? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Impact = Population x affluence(Consumption levels) x technology |
|
|
Term
| What percent of worlds soil is suitable for agriculture? |
|
Definition
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