Term
| What is the sub-solar point? What is special about equator? |
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Definition
Area where sun's rays strike earth@ 90 degress, most intense solar energy because it's less spread out and moves through less atmosphere.
-HOWEVER: at equator there is less radiation than @ 30 degrees because of tropic cloud reflection. |
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Term
| What factors affect seasonality? |
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Definition
Solstice & Equinoxes- related to tilt of earth.
subsolar points shift creating seasons, moving "belts" of wet and dry during summer and winter
-based on axel tilt. |
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Term
| What are the latitudinal zones and where are they found? |
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Definition
-arctic & antarctic Circle(66.5)
-Tropics Cancer/Capricorn(23.5)
-Midlatitude region(NY/New zealand-34 to 55)
-Subpolar(55 to 65) |
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Term
| When is the worst day to get a sunburn in LA? |
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Definition
| -June 21, the summer solstice. HOWEVER, there is a temperature lag and it doesnt get hot until later in summer. |
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Term
| What are the adiabatic processes? |
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Definition
-Air temperature controls ability of air to hold moisture.
-As air cools the ability to hold water decreases releasing it from clouds creating wet conditions.
-As are descends it heat up and ability to hold water increases creating dry conditions.
-THIS IS CAUSED BY PRESSURE CHANGE(Less high, more lower elevation) |
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Term
| What are the causes of precipitation? |
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Definition
| Convection, orographic effect, frontal rainfall(when warm & cold air collide) |
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Term
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Definition
| When the air rises in tropics causing rainfall and descending air in sub-tropics becomes dry. |
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Term
| What is the taxonomical hierarchy series? |
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Definition
| Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, kingdom. |
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Term
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Definition
| Platae, animalia, monera(bacteria), protista(amoeba), fungi. |
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Term
| What makes a species?(Species concept, evolutionary concept & genus concept) |
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Definition
Species concept= 3 Ideas: sharing of physical and/or behavior traits, ability to reproduce and produce fertile offspring.
Evolutionary= Direct & traceable ancestor-descendant relationship. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of species related genetically to each other but who cannot interbreed(and have morphological differences) |
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Term
| How does the binomial naming system work? |
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Definition
-Invented by Carolus Linnaeus.
-Genus then species, latin and italicized
-Genus captilized, species not. |
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Term
| What are the photosynthetic Pathways(3)? |
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Definition
C3- Moderate light/temp, require high CO2, OLDEST(95% of Biomass)
C4- Highest rates, better in Tropics, needs lots of sun, MODERN
CAM- CO2 absorbed at night via stomat then used in C3 process during day(closed stomata), lowest rates,DESERT. |
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Term
| What is the energy efficiency between different trophic levels? |
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Definition
-Heterotrophcs(Primary consumers) & Autotrophs(Primary producers)
-Mammals(3%), Fish(10%), insects(39%) |
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Term
| Heliophytes vs. Sciophyes |
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Definition
-Heliophyes grow best in sunlight(C4 plants), high # of stomata for more CO2 and cooling.
-Sciophyes grow best in shade, broad leaves w/ lots of chlorophyll, greater sunlight capture, longer leaf life-span to conserve energy, tend to be perrenials.
-Sciophyes hurt by excess light. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Poikilotherms & Homeotherms? |
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Definition
Poikilotherms(COLD BLOODED)- Assume temp. of environment.
Homeotherms(WARM BLOODED)- maintain stable body heat. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Eurythermic and Stenothermic? |
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Definition
Eurythermic- tolerate wide range of temp. conditions.
Stenothermic- Restricted temp ranges; humans use clothing/fire |
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Term
| Adaptations in warm environments |
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Definition
-lower metabolic rates(to generate less heat)
-seek cool micro-climates
-Sweating/panting or Gular Fluttering(birds pulling in/out air)
-Increase surface area(elephant ears)
-Migration to different water depth(fish)
-Change color(chameleons) |
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Term
| Adaptations in Cold Climates |
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Definition
-Sunning(reptiles)
-Dormancy
-Fat & Fur
-"Anti-freezing" w/ glycerol or alcohol in insects/plants.
-Migration |
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Term
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Definition
-Body mass to surface area ratio!
-Compact body= lower surface area w/ less heat released.
-Thinner, elongated bodies open for area for heat release. |
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Term
| Moisture zone of plants(3) |
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Definition
Hydrophytic- constantly in water(lillies)
Mesophytic- Dont over/under water
Xerophytic- Love low moisture conditions. |
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Term
| What is the gradient concept? |
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Definition
| Provides way to organize & consider relation of species to environmental factors.(Zones of optimum/stress/intolerance) |
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Term
| What strategies do Allelopathy Plants have? |
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Definition
| -Coastal sage scrub: create "halo" around them where nothing grows due to oil on leaves that drop and mix with soil. |
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Term
| What are the different types of symbiosis? |
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Definition
Mutualism- Benefits both species, i.e.pollination: bee gets food, carries pollen for plant.
Commensalism: benefits 1 species, no impact on other(Clownfish/Anemone)
Parasitism: Benefits 1 species at expense of other
Mimicry: 1 species evolves to gain appearance behavior of another(2 types)..Muellerian: poisonous species looks like another one & batesian: Non-poisonous species looks like poisonous one. |
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Term
| Clements Model of Succession |
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Definition
-Succession is process through time evolving "Seres stages" annuals, perrenials, shrubs, woods, forest to "Climax community".
-disturbances upset succession. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multi-path succession, disturbances may be instrument of maintaining ecological communities; i.e. fires. |
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Term
| Fire adaptations of plants |
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Definition
-Fire-resistant bark
-serotinous cones(Filled w resin only open in fire)
-Resprouting |
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Term
| Fire adaptations of plants |
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Definition
-Fire-resistant bark
-serotinous cones(Filled w resin only open in fire)
-Resprouting |
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Term
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Definition
Boundary between 2 communities, is it transitional zone or whole new community?
-Gets best of 2 communities resource(i.e. forests/grasslands for deer) |
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Term
| Gleason View on Community vs. Clements |
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Definition
| Clements= Climax community, where Gleason follows INDIVIDUALISTIC COMMUNITY CONCEPT: species merely co-exist in a similar area because they have similar resource requirements and ecological tolerance. |
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Term
| Anemochore dispersal strategies |
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Definition
Dispersed by wind; Dandelions, tumble weeds, spider.
-light seeds lack endosperm nuits, easily outcompeted, lower resistance to drying out, HOWEVER create lots of seeds, dispersal is random. |
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Term
| Zoochores dispersal strategy |
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Definition
-Dispersed by animals i.e squirrels w/ acorns.
-Exo: cling to coats of animals
-Endo: pass through gut
-Large seeds, invest a lot of energy, fewer seeds, dependant on animal(might not be around, go extinct) |
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Term
| Name the 3 types of Rainfall |
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Definition
-Convection: Rainfall caused by hot air rising, sun comes in heat ground up, transfer to air and moves up, expands and cools(adiabatic)releasing rain(TROPICS-HADLEY CELLS).
-Frontal: Warm/Cold air contact, warm air rises over cold, cools loses water.
found in: MIDLATITUDES(Mediterranean/Temp. rainforest)
-Orographic: Mtn. ranges, air rises cools, rain shadow effect. |
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Term
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Definition
Air rises in tropics, cools, dumps water, circulates North & South and sinks, heating, absorbing water, creating dry conditions.
-Influence of Hadley on Biomes: Creates tropical weather and also "global deserts" through adiabatic heating & Savannahs inbetween.
-Hadley cells shift up & down to follow subsolar point, pulling band of rain w/ it, giving savannahs wet/dry seasons.***
& plants/animals adapt to seasonality. |
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Term
| (COMMUNITIES)Super Organism concept vs. Individualistic Concept |
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Definition
SOC- Older view, CLEMENTS theory, species of community evolved together, each species has vital function like organ in body, if removed, community fails.
IC- New, Gleason theory, boundaries are blurry between communities, no distinction, |
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Term
| What are the 2 theories of succession? |
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Definition
Clements: CLIMAX COMMUNITY- Simple -> Complex, linear path; REGIONAL CLIMATE will tell us what climax community would be.
Gleason: Allow disturbances, fires to develop the community. Successional pathways not in one direction, can move back/forward, |
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Term
| What is Jump Dispersal vs. Diffusion |
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Definition
-Diffusion: starts from core area and gradually expands
-Jump: Leaps over a barrier(oceans)
-BOTH CAN WORK IN CONJUNCTION. |
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