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| the position something occupies on the Earth's surface |
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| to locate a place relative to other landmarks (what is around it) |
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| to locate a place using a coordinate system |
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| Another name for latitude |
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| lines that run east to west and measure north to south. |
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| an imaginary line that connects north and south poles (earth is tilted and revolves on its axis) |
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| What is the degree of tilt that the Earth has? |
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| How long does it take earth to make one complete revolution? |
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| perpindicular to the axis line (zero degrees) and it divides the world into northern and souther hemispheres |
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| North of the equator vs. South of the equater |
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| North Latitude vs. South Latitude |
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| Another name for longitude |
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| lines that run north to south and measure east to west |
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| created in 1884 (named) stretches from the north pole to the south pole and passes through greenwich, england, site of the royal observatory |
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| East of the Prime Meridian vs. West of the Prime Meridian |
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| East Longitude vs. West Longitude (until 180 degrees) |
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| Telling longitude and latitude |
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| Latitude first, and then longitude |
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| Primary and Secondary sectors of the economy are dominated by who? |
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| Tertiary and Quaternary sectors of the economy are dominated by who? |
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| Taking resources right from the earth (farmer, coal miner, logging, fishing) |
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| Taking an older version and making into a higher quality good (sweatshops, steel manufacturing, turning iron into steel) |
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| Services/sellers (doctor, lawyer, grocery store cashier) |
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| Information age (Finance services) |
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| Modern Industrial Economics (more developed countries?) |
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| MDCs counterparts (Less developed countries) |
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| Four stages of conservation and environmentalism and America |
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1. Pragmatic Resource Conservation (utilitarian resource conservation)
2. Moral and Aesthetic Nature Preservation
3. Modern Environmentalism
4. Global Concerns |
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| Pragmatic Resource Conservation |
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Fear of timber famine and loss of wildlife
(Forest Reserve Act) |
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| Moreal and Aesthetic Nature Preservation |
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(1830s)
Recognition that nature contributes for the better of the ecosystem (National Parks) |
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WWII (1940s and 1950s)
Public Health (clean air and clean water) |
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| Buring of coal, global warming |
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| theory suggests convection currents rising from mantle and break up crust into mosaic of large and small plates which are soliding across earth's surface, colliding, and breaking into smaller pieces (13 large ones and several small) |
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Air
"Gaseous evelope" of air that surrounds our planet |
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water
includes water in all its forms from oceans to streams to water vapor |
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Stone
Earth's rocky skin or "shell" |
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Life
the world of living organisms |
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| thermal layer where weather takes place (95% of the atmosphere and six miles thick) |
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| Thermal layer of thin air and the ozone layer (right above troposphere) |
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Day length
Atmospheric obstructions
Pathlength
Absorbing and reflecting capabilities |
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| Varies throughout the year (summer solstice in june is the longest day of the year) |
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| Absorbing and reflecting capabilites |
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| (of different surfaces) can vary (albedo, asphalt vs. sand) |
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| 99% of solar engery is converted to heat energy (hydrologic cycle, various nurtrient cycles, atmostpheric circulation system) |
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| 1% of solar energy converted to chemical energy (via photosynthesis-organic compounds manufactured by plants passed down to other organisms which, collectively, form food chains) |
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78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
> 1% CO2 and Argon
Trace amounts of water vapor+other gases |
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97.6% oceans and saline(salt) lakes
2.4% Fresh water
87% of theat 2.4% ice and snow |
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| Principle of limiting factors (Liebig's Law) |
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| If any particular factors (heat, light, water, carbon dioxide, nutrients) is in limited supply, then photosynthesis and productivity will be limited. |
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(James Lovelock)
All the ecosystems on earth are interconnected
Ripple effect-if something happens in one place, it could affect another |
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| First Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Matter can neither be created nor destroyed |
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| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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| Energy is lost every step of the way; most is released as heat, in energy flows (like food chains) |
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<!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Times New Roman"; panose-1:0 2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} -->
Maximum number of individuals of a species that can be supported by an ecosystem on a long-term basis. (Limitation involved)
ex-black bears and wolves need to wander)
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Species or group of species whose impact on it’s community or ecosystem is greater than would be expected from mere abundance. If this species dropped off the scene, the whole ecosystem could unravel (not always the top predators-tropical figs)
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All life forms belong to a group. Community of organisms (including plants and animals, bacteria, fungi) linked by food chains and energy flows, as well as the abiotic (non living) enviroment. Ecosystems always occupy space (habitats.)
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any large recognizable assemblage of plants and animals in functional interaction with the environment. Usually named for dominant vegetation type (deciduous for example.) Closely linked with climate type.
Heat, Light, good soil
Tropical Rainforest-most diverse of the biomes
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represent way energy “flows” through an ecosystem. Things are actually more complex than tern “chain” suggests. Think of terms of food web.
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Primary Producers-produce organic energy (heart energy from the sun)
Primary consumers-herbivores
Secondary consumers-carnivores
Tertiary-carnivores that eat carnivores
Omnivores-act as herbivores and carnivors
Detritivores-decomposers and scavengers
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| Population growth "hotspots" |
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Definition
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Middle eastern, Africa, South of the Sahara
China? India? US? Indonesia?
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| Zero population growth (ZPG) |
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<!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Times New Roman"; panose-1:0 2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} -->
Denmark, Sweden
Birth rate=death rate
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| Negative population growth |
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<!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Times New Roman"; panose-1:0 2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} -->
Italy, Hungary, Germany, Japan
Use more resources then they actually have
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Process of four stages (based on European and North American Experiences)
Every country in the world can be grouped into one of four stages:
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Most of human population spent in stage..
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| Most rapid poplulation growth is in stage... |
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| Highest population growth is in stage... |
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| What happens to birth rate/death rate as you move form 1 or 2 to stage 4? |
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<!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Times New Roman"; panose-1:0 2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> an English essayist and minister whose 1798 treatise on population got the ball rolling. 3 key points were:
Food supply grows arithmetically while population grows geometrically
Passion between the sexes is constant and necessary
Resources are limited
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| Thomas Malthus and Neo Malthusians (Paul Ehrlich, Lester Brown, Garret Hardin) |
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<!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Times New Roman"; panose-1:0 2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} -->
Population is an important issue because the planet is already overpopulated
Population growth puts unsustainable pressure on the earth and its limited resources
One day we will overstep the Earth’s ability to support us, we need to control population soon
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| population may or may not be the cause of environmental problems, and population growth is a good thing. |
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