Term
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Definition
| weather over many years, including it s variability and extremes. page 252 |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of climate and its variability. page 253 |
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Term
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Definition
| areas of similar weather statistics that are grouped together. page 253 |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of ordering or grouping data or phenomena into related classes. page 256 |
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Term
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Definition
a climate classification based on causative factors.
Explores the why. page 256 |
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Term
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Definition
| a climate classification based on statistics or other measurement of observed effects. page 256 |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph that shows monthly temperature and precipitation for a station. page 259 |
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Term
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Definition
| a regional term referring to the vast semi-arid grassland biome of eastern Europe and Asia. page 278 |
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Term
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Definition
| the science that studies past climates. page 284 |
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Term
| general circulation model |
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Definition
| aka GCM. a complex computer climate model developed using mathematical models originally established for forecasting weather. these help forecast complex chaotic systems. page 288 |
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Term
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Definition
| the science of landforms - their origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution. page 370 |
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Term
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Definition
any process that wears away or rearranges landforms.
weathering
mass movement
erosion
transportation
deposition
page 370 |
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Term
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Definition
| differing resistances of rocks, coupled with variations in the processes at work on them. page 370 |
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Term
| dynamic equilibrium model |
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Definition
| the balancing act between the variables that create landforms and those that destroy them. (ex: volcano or tectonic uplift vs weathering or erosion). Often endogenic vs exogenic. page 371 |
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which energy overcomes resistance against movement. A landforms tipping point at which it moves to a new state of equilibrium. page 371 |
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Term
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Definition
| aka hillslopes. curved, includes surfaces that form the boundaries of landforms. page 371 |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that breaks down rock at earth's surface and just below. Can disintegrate into small pieces or dissolve in water. Can be physical (mechanical) or chemical. page 372 |
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Term
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Definition
| broken up rock on the upper surface of bedrock that has been weathered but not transported. page 372 |
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Term
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Definition
| the parent rock from which weathered regolith and soils develop. page 373 |
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Term
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Definition
| sandy, unconsolidated fragmental material. Combines with weathered rock from the parent material to form soil. page 373 |
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Term
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Definition
| the material used to create rock. page 373 |
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Term
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Definition
| fractures or separations in rock that occur without displacement of the sides. Increase the surface area of rock exposed to weathering. page 373 |
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Term
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Definition
| when rock is broken and disintegrated without any chemical alteration. page 374 |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanical weathering caused by the expansion of water when it freezes. aka freeze-thaw action. Expands and contracts the rock until it breaks. page 374 |
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Term
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Definition
| when rock responds to the removal of pressure by jointing (pressure-release jointing), creating slabs that slide off the the main rock as they weather. An exfoliating process where the rock is removed layer by layer. page 376 |
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Term
|
Definition
| The result of sheeting in which the slabs of removed rock are thicker on the sides than the top, creating a dome shape. page 376 |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical breakdown of rock. always in the presence of water. page 376 |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of chemical breakdown of rock. the process of rounding the sharp edges and corners of rocks. water enters the joints and fractures and dissolves the rock's weaker minerals or cementing minerals. page 377 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a form of chemical weathering. water becomes part of the chemical composition of the mineral. some rocks respond to hydration by expanding, forcing grains apart like in physical weathering. page 378 |
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Term
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Definition
| metallic elements combine with oxygen to form oxides. (rusting) page 379 |
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Term
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Definition
| carbonic acid created by the combination of water vapor and carbon dioxide, dissolves minerals such as limestone. (carbon combines with minerals, dissolving them) page 379 |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of carbonation or chemical weathering. a landscape of pitted, bumpy surface topograpy with poor surface drainage and well-developed solution channels underground. (pitted landscape) page 380 |
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Term
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Definition
| circular depressions caused by the weathering of limestone. page 380 |
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Term
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Definition
| any unit movement of a body of material, propelled and controlled by gravity. page 386 |
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Term
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Definition
| the general process involved in mass movements and erosion of the landscape. page 386 |
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Term
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Definition
| the steepness of the resulting slope which depeneds on the size and texture of the grains in the rock. It represents a balance of the driving force (gravity) and resisting force (friction and shearing). 386 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a volume of rock that falls through the air and hits a surface. page 387 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cone-shaped pile of irregular broken rocks that forms at the base of a steep include during a rockfall. page 387 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mass of falling and tumbling rock, debris, and soil. different than a slide due to its velocity. page 388 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sudden rapid movement of a cohesive mass of regolith or bedrock that is not saturated with moisture. page 389 |
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Term
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Definition
| the fall or slide of material that has a high moisture content. mudflows are more fluid than earthflows. 'flow' indicates moisture. page 389 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a persistent, gradual mass movement of surface soil. page 389 |
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Term
|
Definition
| human induced mass movements of material. ex: open-pit mining. page 392 |
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Term
|
Definition
| when minerals chemically react with water. a decomposition process that breaks down the silicate minerals in rocks. differs from hydration. page 379 |
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Term
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Definition
| a geographic region where a group of plant and animal species evolved. page 592 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a boundary transition zone between different, but adjoining ecosystems at any scale. page 593 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a self-sustaining association of land-based plants and animals and their abiotic environment, characterized by specific plant formation classes. page 593 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a large, stable, terrestrial ecosystem characterized by its dominate plant type and vegetation structure. each biome is generally named for its dominant vegetation. page 594 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the dominant vegetation that a biome is usually named for. age 594 |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-native species of plant or animal that are introduced to a biome by man. Non-native means not occurring by natural processes. page 594 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a lush biome that girdles the earth. consistent year-round daylength (12 hours), high insolation, average annual temperatures around 77 degrees and plentiful moister, plant and animal populations respond with most diverse expressions of life on the planet. page 595 |
|
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Term
| tropical seasonal forest and scrub |
|
Definition
| Found near the equator, main features, high biodiversity, high insolation. page 601 |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| midlatitude broadleaf and mixed forest |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| found below arctic tundra in latitude. features include needle-shaped leaves, low biodiversity and longer winters than summers (lower insolation) some areas all percipitation is in the form of snow and mist. page 605 |
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Term
|
Definition
| needleleaf is part of this forest. also taiga. page 605 |
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| needleleaf forest found worldwide (even in southern hemisphere which noramally doesn't support such forests) found at high elevations. page 605 |
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Term
|
Definition
| pacific northwest is an example. differs from equatorial rain forest in its low number of tree species. page 607 |
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Term
|
Definition
| dry summers, drought tolerant plants (small and deep rooted). page 608 |
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Term
|
Definition
| scrubby evergreen vegetation of california. |
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Term
|
Definition
| grass is the dominate feature of this biome. The Great Plains of the US. transition area from forest to desert. 608 |
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Term
|
Definition
| high insolation and low water. plants very drought tolerant, predominately small animals. page 609 |
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Term
| warm desert and semidesert |
|
Definition
| typical desert of low water and high heat. page 609 |
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|
Term
| cold desert and semidesert |
|
Definition
| high latitude deserts. page 609 |
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Term
|
Definition
| northernmost biome. found in arctic area. low insolation, most water is solid, low biodiversity. page 610 |
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Term
|
Definition
| transitional biome from tundra to tiaga (boreal forest) page 612 |
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Term
| breakdown of major terrestrial biomes on page 598 (table 20.1) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some parts of the earth have more or less the same kind of abiotic and biotic factors spread over a large area, creating a typical ecosystem over that area. Such major ecosystems are termed as biomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| stream-related processes. page 400 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the science of water and its global circulation, distribution, and properties-specifically water at and below earth's surface. page 400 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of water dislodging, dissolving or removing surface material. page 400 |
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Term
|
Definition
| moved in dissolved solution or rolled or carried mechanically from one place to another (for fluvial concepts this is water moving sediment) page 400 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of laying down materials that are transported from another place. page 400 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water. May be sorted or semi-sorted sediment on a flood plain, delta, or stream bed. page 401 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the level below which a stream cannot erode its valley. page 401 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| an area of land where surface water from rain and melting snow or ice converges to a single point, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters join another waterbody, such as a river, lake, reservoir, estuary, wetland, sea, or ocean. page 402 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| water moves down slope in a thing film or sheetflow. page 402 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| high drainage divides found in the US and Canada. Extensive mountains and highland regions separating drainage basins, sending flows to the Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic, Hudson Bay, or the Arctic Ocean. Drainage divides are ridges that define the catchment (water-receiving) area of every drainage basin. page 402 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the terminus of drainage basins that do not reach the ocean and from which water leaves by evaporation or subsurface gravitational flow. page 405 |
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Term
|
Definition
| determined by dividing the total length of all stream channels in the basin by the area of the basin. page 405 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the arrangement of channels in an area. determined by regional steepness, variable rock resistance, variable climate, variable hyrdology, relief of the land, structural controls imposed by underlying rocks. page 405 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stream's volume of flow per unit of time. depends on stream channel width and depth and the velocity of the flow. calculated by multiplying these 3 variables. page 407 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a steam with lower discharge than amount of water fed into it due to high potential evaportranspiration rates when it moves through aird regions. Ex: The Nile receives (drains) water from most of northeastern Africa, but as it runs through the deserts of Sudan and Egypt it loses water so most does not empty into the ocean (discharge). page 408 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a stream's erosional turbulence and abrasion carve and shape landscape. The work of flowing water along. Uses a 'squeeze and release action' to loosen and lift rocks. page 408 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of rock particles grinding and carving the streambed like liquid sandpaper. page 408 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the term for material, especially ions from chemical weathering, that are carried in solution by a stream.. page 409 |
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Term
|
Definition
| fine-grained, clastic particles held aloft in the stream. turbulence in the water with random upward motion is an important mechanical factor in holding a load of sediment in suspension. page 409 |
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Term
|
Definition
| coarser material that is dragged, rolled or pushed down a stream bed. page 410 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the friction and drag used to push coarser material down a stream bed. page 410 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sinuous (snakelike) pattern formed by streams that flow through areas with a gradual slope. Weave across the landscape. page 411 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a portion of the bank of a stream that is subject to faster water velocity and therefore the greatest scouring erosive action. Usually the outer portion of a meandering curve. page 411 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a portion of the bank of a stream that is subject to the slowest water velocity and therefore the highest sediment deposits. Usually the inner portion of a meandering curve. page 412 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when part of a meandering stream becomes cut off from the rest of the stream it forms an oxbow lake. page 412 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a degree of inclination. the decline in elevation of a stream from its headwaters to its mouth. page 412 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a stream adjusts its slope, size, and shape just enough to provide the energy needed to transport its sediment load. page 413 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the point at which the longitudinal profile of a stream shows an abrupt change in gradient, such as a waterfall. page 414 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the flat, low-lying area flanking many stream channels that is subjected to recurrent flooding. page 415 |
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Term
|
Definition
| found on banks of some stream, low depositional ridges develop as a by-product of flooding. page 416 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a hydrologic term for any tributary stream that runs parallel to, and within the floodplain of, a larger river which the stream eventually joins. page 416 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the section of a floodplain where deposits of fine silts and clays settle after a flood.[1] Backswamps usually lie behind a stream's natural levees. page 416 |
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Term
|
Definition
| entrenchment of a river into its own floodplain. page 418 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the level or nearly level depositional plain that forms at the mounth of a river. forms a characteristic triangular shape similar to the greek letter delta. page 418 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the point at a river's mouth where fresh water meets seawater. page 419 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a high water flow that overflows the natural bank along any portion of a stream. page 423 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a graph of stream discharge over time for a specific location. page 425 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the way particles bounce along a stream in short hops and jumps. page 410 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a load exceeds a stream's capacity to carry it, sediment accumulates on the floor (opposite of degradation). page 410 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a maze of interconnected channels that form a braid pattern caused by excess sediment. page 410 |
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Term
|
Definition
| an expansion of earth's deserts. page 433 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the work of wind. erosion, transportation and deposition. page 434 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the removal and lifting of individual loose particles. page 435 |
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|
Term
| abrasion as it pertains to wind. |
|
Definition
| the grinding of rock surfaces by the 'sandblasting' action of particles captured in the air. page 435 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a surface resembling a cobblestone street created by wind blowing away loose or noncohesive sediment adn working with rainwater to form the surface. page 435 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a basin formed by deflation removal of loose sediment (wind blows out enough material to form a basin. page 435 |
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Term
|
Definition
| rocks that bear evidence of eolian erosion. page 436 |
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Term
|
Definition
| elongated ridges and rock formations created by large scale deflation and abrasion which steamline rock structures. page 436 |
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Term
|
Definition
| when grains hit other grains and knock them into the air knocking them both loose and forward. affects about 20% of material transported by wind. page 437 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a wind sculpted accumulation of sand. page 438 |
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Term
|
Definition
| an extensive area of dunes. aka a sand sea. page 438 |
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Term
|
Definition
| an extensive area of dunes aka an erg desert. page 438 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the steep sloped leeward side of a dune. page 438 |
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Term
|
Definition
| wind blown sediment mainly silt from glaciers, homogenous, mix of sand, silt and clay that forms fractured vertical bluffs. page 442 |
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Term
|
Definition
| rapid flooding of an area. page 446 |
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Term
|
Definition
| channels prone to flash flooding aka arroyo. page 446 |
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Term
|
Definition
| The intermittantly wet and dry region that is the lowest area of a closed drainage basin. also an area of salt crusts left behind on the desert floor after runoff water evaporates. page 447 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs at the mouth of a canyon where an ephemeral stream channel exists into a valley. where flowing water abruptly loses velocity as it leaves a constricted channel in the canyon or when the stream gradient suddenly decreases. the stream will drop layers of sediment along the base of the mountain block. then water flows over the surface and produces a braided drainage pattern. page 447 |
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Term
|
Definition
| when individual alluvial fans coalesce into one sloping surface. page 447 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a semiarid region of weak surface material that weathers into a complex, rugged topography, usually of relatively low and varied relief. page 452 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a physiographic province or large region that is identified by several geologic or topographic traits. Found in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada giving it a midlatitude cold desert climate. Comprised of basins (valleys) and mountains. few permanent streams that lack an outlet to the ocean. page 452 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the valley between two crests of a dry region of internal drainage. Includes both the slope and the basin. page 455 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the level of dissolved solids in seawater. page 461 |
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Term
|
Definition
| water that exceeds 35% salinity. page 462 |
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Term
|
Definition
| water that is less than 35% salts. page 462 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the coastal environment. page 463 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aka MSL. a value based on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over many years. page 463 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a twice-daily, worldwide, oscillation of sea level page 466 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| high or rising tides. page 466 |
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Term
|
Definition
| low or falling tides. page 466 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when the sun and moon work together to create tides that have the greatest difference between high and low tides. page 466 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| when the sun and moon work in opposition to create tides with the least difference between high and low tide. page 467 |
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Term
|
Definition
| undualtions of water caused by friction between moving air and the ocean surface. page 467 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a regular pattern of smooth, rounded waves. page 467 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the point at which a rising wave exceeds its vertical stability and falls (or breaks). page 468 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the bending of approaching waves by surrounding irregular topography. this causes different sections of a coastline to receive varying erosion. page 470 |
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Term
|
Definition
| angled offshore currents that are produced as waves approach shallow water. Are the cause of beach (littoral) drift. page 470 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the transportation of beach material in the direction of existing longshore currents. page 470 |
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Term
|
Definition
| see littoral drift. page 470 |
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Term
|
Definition
| harbor wave. caused by sudden disturbance of the seafloor that generates a solitary wave of great wavelength. page 470 |
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Term
|
Definition
| horizontal terraces and sea cliff faces cut by erosion. As sea levels change and multiple platforms are created the former sea cliff and terrace create a wave-cut platform. page 472 |
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Term
|
Definition
| material deposited in a long ridge extending out from a coast. page 473 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a barrier spit that grows to completely cut off the bay from the ocean, forming an inland lagoon. page 473 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a body of water completely cut off from the ocean by sediment deposition. page 473 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a land-bridge from coast to offshore island, created by sediment deposition. page 473 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the area along a coast where sediment is in motion. page 473 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a simple marine animal that secrete calcium carbonate that forms a hard, calcified external skeleton. page 477 |
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Term
|
Definition
| areas that are saturated with water enough of the time to support hydrophytic vegetation. page 481 |
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Term
|
Definition
| non tropical coastal wetlands page 481 |
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Term
|
Definition
| coastal wetlands in tropical regions. page 481 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a large mass of ice resting on land or floating as an ice shelf in the sea adjacent to land. not frozen lakes or groundwater ice. not stationary. page 490 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the lowest elevation that snow can survive year round. page 490 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a glacier in a mountain range. page 491 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a bowl-shaped mountain recess at the head of a valley where a glacier originally forms. page 491 |
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Term
|
Definition
| floating pieces of ice formed by a glacier breaking apart in the sea. page 491 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a continuous mass of ice on land. page 492 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the most extensive form of continental glacier. page 492 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a roughly circular type of continuous ice cover that covers an area less than 50,000 squared km. page 493 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of continuous ice field that does not form a dome and extends in an elongated pattern in a mountainous region. page 493 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a transition step to glacial ice. snow that is compact and granular. page 495 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a metamorphic process in which sediments are pressured and recrystallized into dense metamorphic rock (glacial ice). page 495 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent of a glacier's open system in which inputs of snow and outputs of ice, meltwater and water vapor occur. page 495 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the collective wasting (reduction) of glacial mass through deflation (wind), calving (ice block), and sublimation. page 495 |
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Term
|
Definition
| a vertical crack in an alpine glacier. page 496 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a sudden, unpredictable lurch forward of a glacier. page 496 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the act of erosion cause by debris picked up by the glacier. gouges the area it moves through. page 497 |
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Term
|
Definition
| "knife-edged" ridges that divide cirque basins. page 497 |
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Term
|
Definition
| two eroding cirques that form a saddle-like depression or pass. page 498 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a pyramidal peak formed by several cirques gauge an individual mountain peak from all sides. page 498 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a wide crack or crevasse that forms along the headwall of a glacier (like near the cirque). Most visible in summer when less snow. page 498 |
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Term
|
Definition
| small mountain lakes formed in cirques where the glacier originated. page 498 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small, circular, stair-stepped lakes that form in cirques. page 498 |
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Term
|
Definition
| an area where the sea extends inland after a glacier trough intersects the ocean and erodes the landscape below sea level then retreats. page 499 |
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Term
|
Definition
| the general term for all glacial deposits. page 500 |
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Term
|
Definition
| sediments deposited by glacial meltwater. page 500 |
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Term
|
Definition
| ice deposits left as unstratified and unsorted debris. page 500 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a landform produces by the deposition of glacial sediment. page 500 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a landform produced by the deposition of glacial sediment. forms along each side of a glacier. page 500 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A landform produced by the deposition of glacial sediment. forms when two glaciers with lateral moraines join. page 500 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A landform produced by the deposition of glacial sediment. eroded debris that is dropped at the glacier's farthest extent. page 501 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| formed by the retreat of a continental glacier. features unstatified coarse till, has low and rolling relief and deranged drainage pattern. page 502 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by the retreat of a continental glacier. found behind the morain. features stream channels that are braided and overloaded with sorted and deposited materials. page 502 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by a retreating continental glacier. a curving, narrow ridge of coarse sand and gravel. formed along the channel of a meltwater stream that flows beneath a glacier, in an ice tunnel or between ice walls. Runs roughly parallel to the path of the retreating glacier. page 502 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a steep-sided hole formed by an ice block left behind by a retreating continental glacier. page 502 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small hill, knob or mount of poorly sorted sand and gravel left behind by a retreating continental glacier. page 503 |
|
|
Term
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Definition
| an erosional, streamlined hill formed by glacial action. Asymmetrical, exposed bedrock, gently sloped upstream (stoss) side, steep, abrupt downstream (lee) side. Steep side cut by glacier.page 503 |
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Definition
| deposited till streamlined in the direction of continental ice movement. blunt end upstream and tapered end downsteam. page 503 |
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| a region of frost weathering and freeze-thaw rock shattering. page 504 |
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Definition
| a region in which rock and soil temps remain under 0 degrees C for at least 2 years. page 504 |
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| the zone of seasonally frozen ground between the subsurface permafrost layer and the ground surface. page 505 |
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| a process cause by freeze-thaw that separates rock and soil to different areas and create a visible pattern of stripes and polygons. page 507 |
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Definition
| a time of generally cold climate that includes one or more glacials, interrupted by brief warm spells known as interglacials. page 509 |
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| ancient lakes that exist today as dry basins, ancient shorelines and lake sediments. page 512 |
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| defined by environmental criteria: 10 degree C isotherm line for July which corresponds with the division between forests and tundra. page 517 |
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| a narrow zone that extends around the continent as a boundary between colder antarctic water and warmer water of lower latitudes. follows 10 debree C isotherm for February. page 517 |
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Definition
| long, narrow depositional features, that form offshore roughly parallel to the coast. page 476 |
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Definition
| depositional features that form in long narrow chains parallel to the coast. narrower than barrier islands. page 476 |
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Definition
| depositional features that form in long narrow chains parallel to the coast. These are broader and more extnesive than barrier beaches. |
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Term
| list two types of erosio processes at the base of glaciers |
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Definition
1. loose rock and sediment are incorporated into the moving glacial ice (plucking)
2. the plucked rock and sediment then acts with abrasive action, scouring the area as it passes. |
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Term
| what is scouring and what is its most conspicuous feature? |
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Definition
scouring is the abrasive action of rock and sediment that has been plucked by a glacier.
the most conspicuous feature is striation (parallel scratches in rock face) |
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Term
| what is glacial polishing |
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Definition
| the smooth surfaces left behind by the abrasive action of galciers |
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Definition
| the light cloudy appearance of glacial meltwater that has transported fine clay-sized sediment from scouring. |
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Definition
| the process of particle detachment by moving glacial ice. Greatest on the lee side of a rock. causes roche moutonnee. |
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Definition
| small bowl dug into the ground by broken piece of glacier ice, melts and fills area with water. |
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Definition
| cirque carved feature, 4 sided. |
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Definition
| mountain lake (cirque filled with water) |
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Definition
| blade-like ridge. caused by two glaciers moving parallel to each other |
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| chain of tarns or water-filled cirques |
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| 1st place to freeze and the last place to melt. the origin of a glacier, carves a basin/bowl shaped depression |
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Definition
| the abrupt end of a glacial tributary when it joins the primary glacier valley. Erosion leaves a sharp wall face often with a waterfall |
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Definition
| all glaciers meet and become one. u-shaped valley |
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Definition
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Definition
| form on the side of a glacier |
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Definition
| form in front of a glacier |
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Definition
| ridge made of sand (upside down stream). page 502. A caste of the stream that was cut into a glacier, made of the sediment from the stream |
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Definition
| depositional feature. opposite of the erosional feature roche moutonnee. made of sand, triangular, asymetrical hill made of glacial till. the narrow end points the direction of ice flow. Like a drumstick. |
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Definition
| waterfall a tributary of a primary glacier. |
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Definition
| depsoits of gravel, usually a field of them - several dozen. |
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Term
| devils postpile is an example |
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Definition
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Definition
| 14,690ft, one of highest peaks in alps, between switzerland and italy. four faces point to the four compass points. |
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| How thick may ice have been in Yosemite Valley |
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Definition
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| where is plucking most intense |
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Definition
| on the lee-side of rock mounds |
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Term
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Definition
| erosional feature. opposite of drumlin. steep side points direction of ice flow (drumlin is depositional feature)like a sand dune. made by plucking and abrasion of a glacier. asymmetrical. smooth of the side of ice advancement and steep and jagged on the opposite side. |
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