Term
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Definition
| "primitive societies exhibit this, in which individuals and groups are very similar. The culture thus promotes common values and discourages individuality. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is the basis of cohesion in "more advanced" societies. Individuals and groups specialize (are differentiated) and are integrated because they rely on others to fulfill various needs. Moral/cultural cohesion is more difficult. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes a situation in which different and diverse (specialized) activities of individuals and groups are integrated into a functioning social whole (society) |
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Term
| When was the term division of labor first used? |
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Definition
| in 18th century writings about politics and economics. USed to argue that a capitalist free-market encourages individuals to specialize in natural advantages. Argued that division of labor arose because people wanted greater wealth and well-being. |
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Term
| Durkheim's argument about division of labor |
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Definition
| it is primarily a social phenomenon, not an economical/functional phenomenon. It may be instigated by economic/functional concerns, but it is perpetuated through culture. |
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Term
| Durkheim's main concern about differentiation |
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Definition
| He wondered how societies with high levels of differentiation can still remain cohesive. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to groups in societies that are internally homogenous. |
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Term
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Definition
| refer to relations between tribes or clans that are internally undifferentiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| cavity, pit, segment- an alveolar society is one with many tribes that do not rely on each other. In other words, they are undifferentiated. |
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Term
| Moral (density, life, facts, framework) |
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Definition
| morality in Durkheim;s terms refers to collective values, ideas, symbols, and stories. We can think of it as synonymous with culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar types of units spread out over space: clans and tribes |
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Term
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Definition
| difference created through proximity to power (and thus is expressed through inequality). Solidarity is both mechanical and organic. Power and inequality are expressed through development of center and periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
| As power centralizes, "material density" increases. Density creates social complexity/problems. Division of labor arises to deal with complexity/problems. Solidarity is organic. |
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Term
| 2 types of differentiation |
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Definition
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Term
| The First Urban Revolution |
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Definition
| Neolitihic Cities- ex: Catal Hoyuk |
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Term
| What caused the first cities to emerge? |
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Definition
| No agreement on casual factors: agriculture and primitive trade |
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Term
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Definition
| the creative and productive energy generated by a density of individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
Neolithic City
undifferentiated urbanism
living units meshed together
city walls were simply outside walls of periphery units
no religious center
no political center |
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Term
| Characteristics of The Second Urban Revolution |
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Definition
-urban division of labor
-class stratification
-city-state institutions (political-legal-economic)
-large scale environmental manipulation (irrigation, flood control)
-recorded history |
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Term
| Most important innovative specializations (differentiations) of the Second Urban Revolution |
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Definition
Entrepreneurial merchant-financiers
organized military armed force (also urban police)
civic bureaucracy
impoverished urban underclass
vast inner-city (global) networks |
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Term
| Each differentiation referred to a larger type of spatial differentiation: center and periphery |
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Definition
Religious: Temple
Political: Palace
Economic: Market
Legal: Courthouse
Civic/Cultural: Public Square |
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Term
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Definition
| social-structural differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the rise of the modern industrial metropolis. |
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Term
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Definition
When industrial production entered the city, the metropolis was born.
-massive urbanization
-rise of nationalism
-heightened state administration
-increased spatial differentiation (rise of the modern suburbs) |
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Term
| How Manchester, England emerged as a metropolis |
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Definition
large scale environmental manipulation- canals, mines, and railroads
commodities traders emerged
growth of machine manufacturers which later developed into general machinery
growth of chemical industry
growth of financing and banking to support growing and changing industries
growth of commercial enterprise to support bourgeois domestic life-suburbanization |
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Term
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Definition
| the conversion of inputs (material and human) into society-maintaining energy. |
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Term
| Key issues for Chicago School |
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Definition
metabolic equilibrium
quality and quantity of inputs |
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Term
| Role of Difference in the Chicago School Model |
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Definition
Difference is reorganized and redistributed in the service of social order toward an end that is vaguely described as progressive.
Individuals are distributed according to residence and occupation into natural economic and cultural groupings.
Movement and mobility upset this delicate equilibrium and reorganization. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the explosion of the city region |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid movement of capital, outsourcing, short-term contingent labor |
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Term
| Information based formal economy |
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Definition
| connected to global communication and vast networks of exchange, open to messages and experiences that embrace the entire world. |
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Term
| Labor based informal economy |
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Definition
| often ethnically based, rely on their identity as the most valuable resource to defend their interests |
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Term
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Definition
| new geographies of ethnicity and income |
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Term
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Definition
| Burgeois/Prolierat- (19th century Manchester, UK) |
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Term
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Definition
| poor, middle, wealthy class (London, NYC) |
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Term
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Definition
| black vs. white (Detroit, Baltimore) |
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Term
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Definition
| a theoretical framework that sees society as one large, natural structure that is made up of smaller, natural, self-perpetuating structures. Society=body, social groups=organs, individuals=cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| social theoretical efforts to account for society as a whole. often led to structural functionalism |
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Term
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Definition
| economic differences were the product of active class conflict. Bourgeoisie: class that owns the means of production. Proletariat: class that owns only their labor. B was taking advantage of P by paying them less than what the product they made was worth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Economic differences were not natural but the product of selfish individualism and moral disregard. state of working class was obviously unjust. |
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Term
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Definition
| 19th century structuralism- inequality between parts is a necessary aspect of a functioning whole. lower groups serve vital functions. Healthy, content society based on lower groups knowing their place. |
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Term
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Definition
| 20th century natural structuralism- widespread societal values held diverse groups together. Inequality is a normal part of society, but it must be managed so as not to cause social breakdown. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx- difference between the value of the product and wage paid to produce that product. |
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