Term
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Definition
| Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, and Biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface of Earth/little underneath Earth's surface, study of geomorphology |
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Definition
| Study of surface features/how things change |
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Definition
| Space between Earth's surface and outer space, study of climatology |
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Definition
| Study of what in the atmosphere changes weather conditions |
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Definition
| Liquid on/in the Earth, study of hydrology |
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Definition
| Where water comes from and where it goes |
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Definition
| Plants/animals on Earth, study of biogeography |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of where living things are and why they are |
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Term
| Do the spheres of the Earth interact? |
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Definition
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Term
| Positive Feedback Systems |
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Definition
| Ice and glacier/Wildfires/Investment banking (ice increases, fire grows, interest grows) |
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Term
| Negative Feedback Systems |
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Definition
| Fishing Industry (fish population decreases) |
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Term
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Definition
| Measurement and representation of Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth-shaped (oblate ellipsoid) or squished sphere |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines N to S, Measure E to W, Meridians |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines E to W, Measure N to S, Equator/Parallels |
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Term
| Latitudinal Geographic Zones |
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Definition
| Arctic, subarctic, mid-latitude, sub tropical, equatorial/tropical, sub tropical, mid latitude, sub antarctic, antarctic |
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Term
| Why is it colder as you go up in elevation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 7 year cycle of huge storms on the sun's surface |
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Term
| Long Wavelength = ? Frequency |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Some frequencies from Electromagnetic Spectrum can damage our cells, Sun's radiation peaks at visible light (short wavelength) |
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Term
| Stefan-Boltzmann Equation |
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Definition
| Calculates wavelength I = x T ^4, x = 1W m^-2 K^-4 |
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Term
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Definition
| As you go higher in elevation, energy is decreasing, heat energy wavelengths get further away |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum Wavelength = black body / frequency |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1372 w/m^2 (1/2,000,000,000 of what is being emitted) |
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Term
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Definition
| Incoming vs. Outgoing radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive/negative, keeps all Earth systems moving (Earth is round, tilted) |
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Term
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Definition
| Point on Earth's surface receiving direct, perpendicular rays from the sun (equator) |
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Term
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Definition
| Beam spreading of radiation over Earth's surface |
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Term
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Definition
| 23.5 degrees, causes seasons due to change in declination |
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Term
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Definition
| Latitude of sub-solar point |
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Term
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Definition
| Angle of sun on horizon at noon (lower in the sky = colder, higher in the sky = warmer) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 x each / year, points where we have 3 hours of day and night |
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Term
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Definition
| 24 hours of day/night at Poles |
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Term
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Definition
| Where we live, place of weather |
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Term
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Definition
| Air is stable, cold dense air sinks and stays on bottom (atmospheric inversion) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Area between our atmosphere and outer space |
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Term
| Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere |
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Definition
| Ozonosphere and Ionosphere |
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Term
| What do the ozonosphere and the ionosphere do? |
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Definition
| Protect us from radiation (Gamma, UV) |
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Term
| What 3 things can happen to energy? |
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Definition
| Scattered, absorbed, reflected |
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks, water, plants, soil (take energy, convert it to something else) |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules scatter short wavelengths easiest (blue sky) and long wavelengths harder (red/orange sunset) |
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Term
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Definition
| Albedo varies during the time of year and depending on the material (ice has high albedo, concrete has low albedo) (.31) |
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Term
| What happens to outgoing long wave radiation? |
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Definition
| It returns to space, latent/sensible heat transfers and absorbs it and the re-radiates it as a greenhouse gas |
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Term
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Definition
| Methane, water vapor, carbon dioxide (able to absorb infrared radiation and re-radiate it towards Earth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes life possible on Earth, clouds play dual role |
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Term
| Cloud's Dual Role in the Greenhouse Effect |
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Definition
| Clouds are made of water vapor, have high albedo, can reflect short-wave radiation and also insolate |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 noon is maximum insolation, hottest part of day is around 3 or 4 due to counter-radiation re-radiating from Greenhouse Effect, coolest part of day in the morning due to period without radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Net Radiation is product of added insolation minus reflected light, minus infrared and plus re-radiated infrared |
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Term
| What is our Energy Balance/Budget driven by? |
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Definition
| Latitude/Advection (horizontal movement), air/wind/water |
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Term
| When does the ozone hole appear over the Arctic and Antarctic? |
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Definition
| Hole in the ozone occurs over the Arctic in March and over the Antarctic in September |
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Term
| What causes the ozone hole over Antarctica? |
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Definition
| Cold climate, chlorine, and bromine (man-made). CFCs have long lifespans |
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Term
| Chlorofluorocarbons and their Effect on Ozone |
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Definition
| Shortwave radiation can cause breakdown of molecules, causing a reaction to CFC molecules, oxygen and chlorine bond/break form oxygen and take away ozone |
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Term
| Problems Caused by Urban Heat Island Effect |
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Definition
| Extreme heat can cause death (#1 weather killer), respiratory problems from ozone |
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Term
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Definition
| Effect from heat during day and no cooling at night |
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Term
| What are some factors that allow the Urban Heat Island Effect to occur in cities? |
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Definition
| Urbanization causes less water, the higher the population the higher the temperature (usually) |
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Term
| Why do tall buildings affect solar radiation? |
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Definition
| Tall buildings hold on to energy through absorption and trap air/energy flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Green roofs, permeable pavement, vegetation, structural support, filter rainwater, reduce building heights |
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Term
| Air Quality vs. Air Pollution |
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Definition
| Air Quality are human AND natural causes, Air Pollution is human actions alone |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogen and Oxygen, 1% Argon/Carbon Dioxide/Etc. (air pollutants) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gases that vary in the atmosphere depending on where you are |
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Term
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Definition
| Nature and anthropogenic factors |
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Term
| Natural Factors that Effect Air Quality |
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Definition
| Volcanoes, Forest Fires, Decaying Plants, Soil, and Oceans |
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Term
| Anthropogenic Factors that Effect Air Quality |
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Definition
| Human-caused pollutants, toxic metals, indirect effects (CFCs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sunlight reaction and temperature to ozone (temperature inversion), secondary gas made up of other omitted pollutants (industries, cars, fuel, utilities) |
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Term
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Definition
| Banned harmful pollutants/CFCs production |
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Term
| Sources of Water on Earth |
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Definition
| 97% Oceans, 3% Fresh Water |
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Term
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Definition
| 78% surface water (99% glaciers/ice), 11% groundwater, 11% deep groundwater, 1% soil moisture, |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transfer of Energy Through Water Phase Changes |
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Definition
| Convection, latent heat, conduction, radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of molecules transfers energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy doesn't change temperature, but changes phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of energy through empty space |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of energy from molecule to molecule |
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Term
| Energy Released or Taken? |
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Definition
| Moving from Ice to Vapor energy is taken, moving from Vapor to ice, energy is released |
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Term
| What processes of phase change take heat energy? |
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Definition
| Melting, Evaporation, Sublimination |
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Term
| What processes of phase change release heat energy? |
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Definition
| Condensation, Freezing, Deposition |
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Term
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Definition
| Heat you can feel/temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Humidity is high in the morning, drops as the day goes on |
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Term
| Why does humidity decrease throughout the day? |
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Definition
| Warmer air has a greater maximum water vapor capacity |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes depending on temperature of air |
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Term
| Example of Saturation Equilibrium |
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Definition
| Condensation on a glass (air coils as it reaches glass, lower temperature means a lower air capacity |
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