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| Activities that take and/or use the earth’s resources (agriculture, mining, and oil/gas extraction) |
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| Activities that add value to resources by turning raw materials into finished goods (e.g. manufacturing, processing, and construction). |
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| Basic service industries such as retail sales, landscaping, ect. |
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| Advanced services that process and disseminate information and require specialized education, such as financial, legal, and marketing advising, |
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| Jobs in the highest level of business and government. |
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| Self-reliant agriculture… growing food for your own family. |
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| Smaller land area and high inputs of labor. |
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| Large land area and low input of labor. |
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| Wheat, rice, and maize constitute 50% of all crops grown. |
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1960-1980s) Major advances in agricultural yield that were only economically viable for medium/large farms because of cost.
• Genetically modified seeds/food
• Increased use of synthetic pesticides/fertilizers (inputs)
• Mechanization of Farming. Exported from MDCs to LDCs
• Extensive land modification required |
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| Just-In-Time Manufacturing |
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| This is a philosophy of manufacturing, developed by Japanese companies in the 1950s, based on the planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity. |
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| A strategy at company level of permanent innovation, and accommodation to, rather than control of, ceaseless change. This strategy is based on innovation, multi-use equipment, and flexible, skilled workers. |
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| Workers on a production line perform specialized tasks repeatedly. It’s associated with special division of labor, or with the spatial separation of the development of the product, at the centre of research and development, and the actual sites of the production of a standardized product. |
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| (since 1970s) the system of production and accumulation characterized by just-in-time production, flexibility of both labor and machinery, the vertical break-up of large corporations, small-batch production, and better use of links between firms so that subcontracting is increasingly used. |
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| The cost-saving benefits of locating near factors, which are external to a firm, such as locally available skilled labor, training, and research and development facilities. |
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| Transnational Corporation |
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| A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies; a form of multinational corporation |
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| oil, military, aerospace, retirement – florida to california |
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| heavy industry economy – iron, steel, etc. |
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| Economic Measures of Development |
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| usually macro-level indicators. Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) accounts for differences in price levels in different countries. Gross National Product (used until 1990s) is GDP plus net property income from abroad. |
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| Non-Economic Factors of Development |
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| Socio-economic measurement of human welfare, developed in 1990 , non-monetary factors such as literacy rates, life expectancy, and standard of living (PPP) also included. |
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| Empowering Women Financially |
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•process of urban growth/urban expansion & dynamics
•movement of people to urban centers
•change in lifestyle resulting from living in urban areas |
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| the study of cities – the lifestyle of city dwellers. |
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| Over 10 million people. In 2000, there were only 19 megacities |
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| He described the region as a vast metropolitan area over 300 miles long stretching from Boston in the north to Washington, D.C. in the south. |
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| European term of megaolopis./when two large cities meet to form an area? |
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| - Cities that dominate the global economy, are tied to all global economic activity, world feels their influence in finance, communications, etc. |
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| Central Business District |
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| The nucleus or “downtown” of a city, where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated, mass transit systems converge, and land values and building densities are high. |
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| U.S. in 1920’s, urban community of a set of nestled rings. Arranged of mostly residential diversity, increasing distances of all directions from the CBD (Central Business District) |
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| 1930’s, Homer Hoyt. Focuses on transportation arterials, growth following transportation routes. |
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| The Multiple Nuclei Model |
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| Chelsea harris, harry ulman. P. 384. Peripheral growth from several nodes |
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| land, declining population, water |
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| a run-down area of the city chategorized substandard housing |
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