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a collection of symbols
"a graphic representation of the geographical setting" |
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deals with the art and science of making maps
deals, with presentation. the output must effectively communicate it's message to the user. |
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| times new roman is what type of font? |
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serif
it's also the most common serif font. |
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| Arial is what type of font? |
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graphic tool depicting the typical distribution of wind speed and direction in a particular area.
predecessor of the compass rose. |
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Quantities
numbers, amounts of something |
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shows the distribution of various age groups in a population.
represents a single point in time, drawn with zero point down the middle
aka:
age-sex pyramid or age structure diagram |
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| the population pyramid depicting a population with adequate health services but people having less children (europe) would resemble |
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narrow on the bottom, wider at the top
(aging population) |
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| a population pyramid for a place birth rate, a high death rate and a short life expectancy would look something like... |
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an isosceles triangle.
(younger population) |
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| the population pyramid of a prosperous country would look something like |
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| aging population, assuming adequate access to health care. |
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| countries with a developing agrarian sort of economy would have... |
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those contour lines that join around and meet each other on maps.
often represent change in elevation (like on a topographic map)
or seen depicting different weather temperatures as seen on the weather channel |
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| What are some disciplines inherent in cartography? |
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Definition
art
graphics
statistics
geography
GIS
remote sensing
environmental science
cognitive science
mapping science |
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| When did Newton postulate the shape of the earth and what shape did he postulate it was? |
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Definition
17th century
oblate spheroid
meaning, earth's spinning makes earth flat at the poles and elongated on the E/W axis |
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| When was the Greenwich established as the Prime Meridian. |
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19th century
also when Europe implemented the metric system |
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| When did Mercator create what type of map that did what for navigation? |
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16th century
equiangular projection map
being equiangular, made for consistent navigation |
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| big advances of the 20th century (for the purposes of this class) |
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Definition
aerial photography
modern computers
electronic distance measuring instruments (GIS, LIDAR)
remote sensing
the internet |
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depicts the extent, value and ownership of a land parcel
(google for images)
shows boundaries and ownership |
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map where enumeration unit is spatially distorted to represent the data
thematic mapping variable is substituted for actual land area
aka "value by area maps" |
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contiguous cartogram
(contiguous bc the regions still retain their boundaries to some extent (share common borders) and touch each other) |
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conveys the direction and movement of objects over an area, from one location to another
shows the flow of things on a map |
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| Charles Minard is famous for his use of what type of maps? |
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Definition
flow maps
such as that of Napoleon's march. |
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| a cartogram can be in 2 forms, either... |
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| contiguous or noncontiguous |
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| what's the difference between a map that's contiguous versus one that's noncontiguous? |
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contiguous means sharing a common border, or touching. So states on a contiguous map would all touch each other, share borders. States depicted on a non contiguous fashion would not touch each other, would not share common borders, be separated. (nonoverlapping)
contiguous - The internal numeration units are adjacent to each other.
non contiguous- Does not preserve the boundary relationshiops between the internal enumeration units. the enumeration units are placed in "more-or-less" correct locations relative to their neighbors. |
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| a noncontiguous cartogram can be either overlapping or nonoverlapping. difference? |
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overlapping would mean that places exagerated in size would overlap their neighbors while other places might shrink.
when they are non overlapping the places do not overlap but are separated by space. |
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The cartographer selects a symbol form, and varies its size from place to place, in proportion to the quantities the symbol represents. The map reader forms a picture of the quantitative distribution by examining the pattern of the different sized symbols.
the one with the different sized dots/circles on places |
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| what is a choropleth map? |
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The cartographer selects a distinctive color or shading, and applies it to chorograms. Chorograms are statistical or administrative areas, like regions or districts.
the map where the states are different colors based on population density (quantitative) or party affiliation (qualitative. |
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5 basic characteristics of maps.
All maps... |
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1. deal with 2 primary elements (locations and attributes)
2. are reductions of reality
3. involve geometrical transformations
4. are abstractions of reality
5. use signs to stand for real elements |
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| maps can be classified in categories like those classified by... |
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size
function
subject matter |
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| the systematic description and mapping of regions or districts |
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| the cartographic process includes |
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| the making of the map and the using of the map |
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| what is the primary task of cartography? |
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| communicating environmental information |
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choropleth
isarithmic
dot maps
flow maps
proportional symbol |
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| the two primary elements that are in all maps |
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Definition
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| natural groupings inherent in data |
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| what are some problems with maps? |
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Definition
| all maps are reductions of reality. simplifications. representations. |
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| way to graphically code info and place into a map on text |
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interval -frequency at which something happens
ratio - compares diff values
(magnitude of quantities, relative to each other) |
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| quantile data classification |
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Definition
| This method classifies data into a certain number of categories with an equal number of units in each category. |
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| equal interval method of data classification |
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Definition
| sets the value ranges in each category equal in size. The entire range of data values (max - min) is divided equally into however many categories have been chosen. |
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| natural breaks method of data classification |
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identifies groupings that naturally exist in the data.
http://factfinder.census.gov/home/en/epss/tm_classes_4.html |
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| the two different types of point data. |
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| true point and conceptual point |
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| true point data v. conceptual point data |
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true point - measured at a specific point
conceptual - collected over an area but thought of as being located at a point |
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| primary use of proportional symbol maps |
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| when goal of map is to show relative magnitudes at specific locations |
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| geometric and pictographic |
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| problem with pictographic symbols on proportional symbol maps |
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| have complicated shapes that make their areas more difficult to estimate and create greater problems with symbol overlap than more abstract, geometric shapes |
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