Term
| 5 concepts of Spatial analysis |
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Definition
| location, distance, space, accessibility, and spatial interaction |
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Term
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Definition
| names of regions and places or absolute location |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific geographic setting with distinctive physical, social, and cultural attributes |
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Term
| How are places socially constructed? |
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Definition
| They are the product of human interaction, people define what happens in space |
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Term
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Definition
| The opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interdependence between places and regions, sustained through movement and flows |
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Term
| What are Cognitive space, absolute space, and relative space? |
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Definition
Absolute : mathematical space described through points, lines, areas and configurations whose configurations can be fixed precisely. (measured)
Relative : socioeconomic or cultural
Cognitive : defined in terms of individuals’ values, feelings and perceptions (how people think about the space |
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Term
| What are the basic components of spatial interaction? |
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Definition
Interdependence between places and regions, sustained through movement
and flows:
Complementarity
Transferability
Intervening Opportunities
Spatial diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political and cultural change. |
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Term
| What factors propelled the world empires to explore and colonize? |
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Definition
Spices, maps, and ships.
The growth of core regions takes place with foodstufs, raw materials, and markets provided by colonization of periphery |
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Term
What factors that give rise to the World System in the earliest beginnings? (e.g. agricultural
revolutions and hearth areas: where, when, how?) |
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Definition
Agricultural hearth-fertal cresent
rise of agriculture allowed for empires
and empires could establish a world system via domination |
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Term
| What are the basic components of the World System? |
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Definition
| The core and the periphery |
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Term
| distance and frictional distance |
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Definition
| how far? -“everything is related to everything else, but things located closer together (more proximate) are more related than are distant things” |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon spreads because of the proximity of carriers or agents of change who are fixed in their location |
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Term
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Definition
| the process whereby a phenomenon (a disease, for example) can diffuse from one location to another without necessarily spreading to people or places in between (hopscotch) |
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Term
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Definition
| deliberate exercise of military power and economic influence by powerful states in order to advance and secure their national interests |
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Term
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Definition
| establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society |
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Term
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Definition
| Neo-colonialism- Economic and political strategies by which powerful States in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people. |
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Term
| international division of labor |
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Definition
| driven by the needs of the core, and imposed through its economic and military strength- an arena that could supply raw goods for the industrial cores manufacturing |
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Term
| New International Division of Labor |
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Definition
Decline of the U.S. as an industrial producer
Decentralization of manufacturing from core regions to periphery and semi-periphery
New specialization in the core- so, the periphery manufactures both the raw and final product
Outsourcing! |
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Term
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Definition
| brought the emergence of a new global economic system -made the rest of the world incorporated into the capitalist world system as a dependent periphery |
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Term
| Gross domestic product (GDP) |
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Definition
measures production within national borders
- an estimate of the total value of all materials and services that are produced by the country in a year |
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Term
| Gross National Product (GNP) |
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Definition
= production owned by a nations citizens
GNP measures the output generated by a country's enterprises - whether physically located domestically or abroad |
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Term
| Gross National Income (GNI)= |
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Definition
| Value of all products and services generated where ever a companies manufacturing might be as long as the money goes to the US- GDP + income received from other countries |
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Term
| Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) |
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Definition
| = means of economic measurement to determine the relative values of two currencies (ex Big Mac Index- how much a big mac costs in different places) |
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Term
| What is economic dependency? |
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Definition
| high level of reliance by a country on foreign enterprises- small amount of exports make them rely on the core countries |
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Term
Understand the different gradations of economic activity: primary, secondary, tertiary,
quaternary |
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Definition
Primary activities- those concerned directly with natural resources
secondary activities- process, transform, or assemble raw materials
Tertiary activities- involving the sale and exchange of goods and services; warehousing;retail; commercial services
Quaternary activities- handling and processing of knowledge and info; data processing, education, |
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Term
What is the process by which economic advantages accrue in places and/or around business
firms? i.e. agglomeration economies, etc. |
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Definition
Initial Advantage → Cumulative Causation ( buildup of advantages in certain geographic settings) → development of external economies; agglormeation effects; and localization economies → attracts people and more money → draws people from less advanaged areas
Agglomeration effects – cost advantages that accrue in individual firms because of their location among functionally related actiities |
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Term
What is WW Rostow’s model of development? What stages does it include? What’s wrong
with it (we talked about this in class)? |
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Definition
Stages of economic development
Traditional society, preconditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity, high mass consumption
places and regions can be seen as following parallel courses within a world that is steadily modernizing.
Everything just gets better and continues to develop without ever stopping
Development doesn't really work that way – not everything continues to grow |
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Term
| Agglomeration diseconomies |
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Definition
| negative economic effects of urbanization and local concentration of industry |
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Term
| conglomerate corporations |
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Definition
| companies that have diversified into various economic activities |
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Term
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Definition
| every society produces its own space(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| World systems theory slide – point is that history is a clash of forces – groups coming into conflict is a way of change |
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