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| -to promote global awareness & understanding of local people & places in a more interconnected world |
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| "description of the Earth's surface," narrative description of people, places, near and far |
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| Two main divisions of Geography: |
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-physical (natural science)
-human (social science) |
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-location
-place
-region
-movement
-interaction |
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| 3 main approaches in contemporary geography: |
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-area analysis
-spatial analysis
-geographic systems analysis |
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| the study of physical and human features of particular areas, regions, places. Involves surveying describing and compiling data, regional geography. |
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| describing and explaining differences between places |
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| absolute location of a place; can be described in terms of latitude and longitude or in terms of place characteristics |
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| location of a place relative to other places, how far or near, easy or difficult, influences accessiblity to resources, roads, markets, etc. |
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(locational analysis) seeks patterns in the distribution of physical and human phenomena, and in the movements across the Earth's surface
ex: wind circulation patterns, migration patterns |
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-position, placement, or arrangement of a phenomena though space
-made up of density, concentration, pattern |
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| the frequency of occurrence of a phenomena in relation to its geographic area, quantity |
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the distribution of a phenomena within a given area
ex: dispersed or clustered |
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the arrangement of a phenomena within an area
ex: linear, circular, irregular |
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| Geographic Systems Analysis |
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an approach which views Earth as a set of interrelated environmental and human systems
-model
-system |
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| an idealized, simplified representation of reality |
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an interdependent group of items that interact in a regular way to form a unified whole
ex: ecosystem |
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| gaseous layer above the Earth's surface |
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Earth's water realm
ex: rivers, oceans |
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solid Earth
ex: tectonic plates, landforms |
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living Earth
ex: plants, animals |
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| the scientific study of ecosystems |
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| interrelated collection of plants and animals and the physical environment in which they interact. Can be terrestrial or aquatic. |
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| deserts, grasslands, rainforests |
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| lakes, rivers, marshes, coral reef |
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| the location of a place measured as angular distance north or south of the equator, 0-90 degrees |
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| horizontal lines connecting all points of the same latitude |
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| the location of a place measured as angular distance east and west from the Prime Meridian, 0-180 degrees |
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| vertical lines connecting all points of the same longitude |
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more or less bounded division of the Earth that is defined by one or more distinctive physical or human characteristics or features that distinguishes it from other regions
ex: climate, diet, language, soil, vegetation, religion |
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| formal, functional, vernacular |
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| defined by one or more common, unifying, and homogeneous physical or human traits |
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| Examples of Formal Regions |
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-climate
-vegetation, soil types
-land-forms, topography, terrain
-language dialects,
-religion, sects
-politics
-economics |
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| defined by interaction between nodal and surrounding places, centralized servies |
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| Examples of Functional Regions |
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-transit districts
-telecommunication zones
-newspaper delivery
-utility providers
-regional banks, schools, prisons, hospitals
-towing services
-landscaping services
-watershed/drainage basin |
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| based on perception, defined by shared subjective images, stereotypes, mental maps |
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| Examples of Vernacular Regions |
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-the south
-midwest
-new england
-dixie
-bible belt
-the 3rd world |
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-the study of the distribution and changes in distribution of humankind across Earth's surface
-internal dynamics & migration |
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| Internal dynamics of population geography |
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| emigration (leaving an area) and immigration (going to a new area) |
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-one of the methods of population geography
-the analysis of a population in terms of specific features such as age, sex, income, education, etc.
-the census bureau works with demography |
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| Rate of Population Increase |
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| determined by balance between crude birth and death rates, emigration and immigration rates |
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-rate of natural increase
-RNI = (CBR-CDR)/10 |
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-total fertility rate
-average number of children a woman will have in a particular country; higher in poor countries |
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| a TFR of 2.1 that signifies stabilization; means no increase in family or population size |
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| the number of years it takes to double current population; lower growth rates extend doubling times |
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| Earth's human population in 2009: |
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| What percent of the population is located in the Northern Hemisphere? |
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| 90 percent of the population is located on less than what percent of the Earth's surface? |
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| Regions with the highest concentrations of people (top 5) |
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East Asia: 1.6 billion
South Asia: 1.5 billion
Europe: 1 billion
Southeast Asia: 600 million
Eastern US and Canada: 275 million |
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| Death Rates are impacted by |
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-environmental disasters
-local famine
-epidemics
wars |
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-death rates are high
-infant mortality is high
-life expectancy is lower |
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-death rates are moderately high (usually) but are low in wealthy countries with young populations and health care availability
-life expectancy is higher |
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-Demographic transition model
-a model of the historical experience of population growth in countries that are today rich by tracking changes in crude birth and death rates |
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| Does the DTM apply to underdeveloped countries? |
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-statistical trends may indicate that TFR decreases in poor countries are fundamentally different from those in rich countries.
-this may be because of family planning programs, contraceptive technology, and the role of mass media |
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-Pre-industrial
-Transitional
-Transitional
-Industrial |
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| In a pre-industrial society: |
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-society is shifting from agricultural to urban/industrialized society
-high death & birth rates cancel each other out
-total population is low |
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| In the transitional stage: |
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-at first death rates decrease and birth rate stays the same causing a rapid increase in population
-then, the birth rate starts to drop; the population still increases, but more slowly |
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| In an industrialized society: |
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-low birth and death rates cancel out population growth
-total population is high |
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-any movement by humans from one location to another that results in a redistribution of population and settlement
-follows flows of trade, transportation, information
-can me small or large scale, voluntary or forced, temporary or permanent |
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-cultural, economic, & political
-physical geography |
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| anything that makes a person want to leave a place and seek a better life elsewhere |
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| considerations that attract people to new destinations |
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| a network of social and communication linkages that attracts migrants to follow others who have previously migrated |
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| Human-Environment Interaction |
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-a process that changes over time and place, shaped by physical and human events
-can be seen through culture, natural landscape, & cultural landscape |
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| a quantitative statement about the relative sizes of an object on a map and in reality |
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| a level of abstraction on maps |
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| choice of scale in research |
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-study of the relationships among state, society, and economy, i.e., the set of economic and political institutions governing the social processes of production and distribution of goods and services
-comprised of places with different economic bases and the relationships among these places and the rest of the world |
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-a set of economic activities upon which the community relies to generate income from elsewhere
-ex: in teh US we have certain parts of the countries where high tech industry is predominant, regions based on agricultural practices, mining activities, etc.
-economic activities are geographically defined |
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| Economic Growth Indicators |
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-Gross domestic product
-value of all goods produced within a country's boarders |
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-Gross national income
-GDP plus how much value domestic companies are producing outside of the boarders (foreign receipts) |
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-Human development index
-combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equity, and income |
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