Point

Line

Area

Volume

Discrete

Discontinue

If continuous be specific

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Point

Line

Areas

Size

Shape

Pattern

Orientation

Arrangment

Color

Value

Intensity

Geometric Nature of Natural Phenomena

{Examples}

Point: Mountain Peak, Plant, Animal

Line: Bedrock, Vegetation

Area: Island, Species Range

Volume: Mineral Reserve, Biomass

Feature Characteristics

{Examples}

Point: House, Camp Sites

Line: Road, Guard Rails along road

Area: Park, Public own land

Volume: Landfill, Mines along coal seam

Data Scale: Measurement Levels

{4 scales}

Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

Mental Maps

psychology construct

person's perception of place

physical characteristics of place

EX: boundaries of neighborhood

independent Euclidian distance

dependent on Euclidian distance and direction

Tangible: physical and carried around with relative case

Virtual: represented one of many digital environments

ration or relationship distance of area on map corresponds with area on ground

1 unit = 1/100,000 squared unit

EX: UA Campus = 1,000 feet long = 1 inch on map

Large & Small Scale = RELATIVE

Large Scale  1:24,000

*********  1:500,000

Small Scale  1:3,000,000

small portions of earth's surface very detailed

Representation Fraction=relatively large

1/1,200 (inch -> 100 feet)

Large areas = generalized info, less detailed

Representation Fraction = Small

1/1,000,000

no units

distance conversion 1:24,000

map units to real world units = same

distant units

units may not be same

1 in = 500 ft

1 in = 1 mile

10 mm = 1 km

Printed

provides reference for user

copied, reduced, etc

Features = Symbols

Geometry = orthographic and scaled

Object Based Data Model

{2 Models}

Vector Model

Raster Model

Vector Model

{Object Based Data Model}

Individual Base

Point - Line - System

No Neighborhood Analyze

2D Cartesian Coordinate System

Spatial info measurement=coded

have to tell computer to make points to create lines, shapes.

Ex: draw out "Shark" example

have to tell WHERE it is

Raster Model

{Object Based Data Model}

Discrete Continuous

Analytical Algoriths

Neighborhood Analysis

1 number in a cell

Grid rows and columns = tessellation

basic unit = spatial = cell

Encoded

Examples: elevation, temperature, remotely sensed images, rainfall

Have to tell WHAT it is

Navigation

Road Maps

Collection = Location, Navigation, and Identification

Thematic Elements

highlight single theme

geology

analysis and visualization

reference elements

1. dots

2. 3D

3. Flow Map

(#1)

Dots

{Quantitative Thematic Map}

size by units

bigger the dots, the bigger the units

(#2)

3D

{Quantitative Thematic Map}

volumes

elevation

Ex: Area Cartogram

(#3)

Flow Map

{Quantitative Thematic Map}

1. Geographic or Base Map
• convey message
• info
2. Thematic Overlay
• clear and easy
3. ?

Hue {Hee-yoo}

Saturation

Value

Hue = Color HSV = Saturation, value color model

Value

{HSV Color Model}

Lightness or darkness of hue

0 = dark

100 = bright

the darker the color = higher value

Saturation

{HSV Color Value}

center -> out (measures)

measure in 1 and 100

1 = pale

100 = Saturated

Symbolized quantitative data

more saturated, higher value

Orientation

{HSV Color Model}

match marks like real world

be careful not to change their orientation

real landscapes, etc

Texture

{HSV Color Model}

Polygons = number of symbol options

color, shape, semi - transparent

dots, lines

Legibility

{Texts}

3 Principles

Transparent

Big Features

Restraint

Transparent

Text: Legibility

Able to read

without going

back and forth

content should be more important then container

Big Features

Text: Legibility

Larger counter

larger ample

shapes easier to recognize

easy to recognize fonts

Restraint

Text: Legibility

Not too light or too bold

not too much serifs attention

Legibility

{Text}

Readability

{Text}

typography

how easily words, phrases, and blocks of letters to read

• size: make sure details on find serifs on modern fonts dont disappear at small size
• use "hallow" on fonts to read easier when background colors are dark

Upper Case

{Text}

country, continent, oceans

mix upper & lower = point labels

good to mix cases = tell differences in labels

symbol

information

art, craft, and process of composing type and printing it

History Type

{Typography}

1. Scribal Latin
2. Printing Press
3. Personal Printers
4. Internet Publishing

• personality of typeface class
• legibility
• x - height
• font size
• upper & lower class
• font families
• backgrounds - use hallow when background is busy
• san serif = recommended= easy to read=easy to follow
• when blurry easy to interpret

Labels

lines

Polygons

Points

North Arrows & Scale Bars

Titles

Sources

Text needs to be right - side - up

Signify = hierarchy of labels

bigger point for bigger things

lower for less important things

Repeatable

Above Line

Follow Shape

Horizontal

Italicize {blue =water}

should in INSIDE

multiple lines, angled, or curved to fit

large polygon = spaced out letter

smaller {& professional}

no pic no logo

Smallest Text on map

Author = lower right

Source = lower left

8 pts

Title = largest = 2.5 larger

Legends = 1.5 larger

Adjust depending map size

Science of measuring & monitoring size & shape of earth

helps use understand our world

heights, angles, distances between locations

create spatial reference system that we can use

Eratosthenes

{Era -tos - thee - nes?}

Geographer = 1st to use term "Geography"

Measured two wells at different locations. Shadows appear one well with the other don't. Shadows appears at 7.12 Degrees between the shadowed areas where it centered to central earth to measure 'roundness' of earth.

The English

People felt the English is right cuz everything is spaced out.

Egg Shape

The French

sea level

idealized equilibrium surface of sea water -> equipotential gravitational surface

irregular shape

idealized, not realized surface

mountain mass disturbs gravitational field = geoid

lousy foundation

surface irregular

cannot be measured mathematically

Azimuths and distances not determined exactly

Ellipsoide

"Reference Ellipsoide"

mathematical model of "smooth" shape

regular shape

calculated exactly

easy to create

superior foundation of map

Flat maps are projected to make it flat involving distorting map

All flat maps = distort shape or size or direction or distance;

hold one constant, not all four

Map Projection

{Basic INfo}

Light in center of Ellipsoide to project on flat surface

GIS map = 2D

Map Projection

3 types

1. Cylindrical
2. Cones
3. Planar

Cylindrical

{Map Projection}

wraps paper on globe and light shine thru globe

longetitude most accurate = between 30^o and 30^{o {since they are closer together}}

^{-> equally spaced}

pass 60^o is not good since they distort apart

Cones

{Map Projection}

Polygonic: Multiple different cones use on globe measures on different angles of globe

Each cones measures each parellel lines

{not perfect but good}

use one sheet flat paper to measure map of different angles

{worst procedure}

Map Symbols

{Definition}

information

save space, easier, & quicker to read

symbols may be simple drawings, letters, colored shapes, shortened words

Map Symbols

{2 types}

Shape

Size

Shape

{Map Symbols}

Identify similar objects or differentiate between different objects

abstract: more details

or

replicate: simple details

Size

{Map Symbols}

• larger symbol = more larger, stronger, etc.
• smaller symbol = less, smaller, weaker, etc.
• points, larger or smaller
• lines thicker and thinner
• areas larger and smaller (cartograms)
• ordinal, internal, ratio, scale data
• avoid large and small dots since they can overlap and become less readable

1813 - 1858

@14 became apprentice as surgeon

1st to discover calibration of anesthesia

mapped cholera outbreak of 1854

Map Projection

{random term}

Shape Distortion

{Map Projection}

Area Distortion

{Map Projection}

map of USA with

827,000 miles² (smaller scale)

versus

6.8 million miles² (larger scale)

Distance Distortion

{Map Projection}

Projection Selection Guidelines

1.  Equatorial to Tropics = Cylindrical
2. Midlattitudes = Conic
3. Polar Regions = Azimuthal

Secant: Provide 2 lines of ZERO distortion

points configure shapes and lines of graph

*geometry*

• Geoid irregular shape and surface
• Reference Ellipsoide regular shape and surface
• Projection making oblate flat
• Coordinate Systems (x,y) graph; geometry

(0,0) Point Systems

X - Coordinate Points

Y - Coordinate Points

• defines DIRECTION
• DISTANCES in ORIGIN of direction

Calculate

{Scales}

compare known distances in same units & compute ration:

UA Football Field:

100 yards in real life

3 inches on map

map scale = (map distance) / (actual distance)

map scale = (3)/(3600)

map scale = (1)/(1200) = 1:1,200

Large <- map scale -> small

Small <- map earth area -> large

more <- info detail -> less

Less general <- symbolized -> more general

zoom in <- zooming -> zoom out

inches, feet, yards, miles

measure distance of different parts of body

*1 inch = 2.54 cm or 25.4 mm*