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GEOG 216
Soil.
25
Geography
Undergraduate 2
10/30/2012

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Term
IGNEOUS
ROCK TYPE
Definition
molton magma minerals

intrusive (mix w individual grains; slow cooling)
or
extrusive (mix with grain particles; fast cooling)
Term
SEDIMENTARY
ROCK TYPE
Definition
minerals weathers from igneous rocks and minerals at surface temp and P
Term
METAMORPHIC
ROCK TYPE
Definition
mixtures formed at secondary temp and P
Term
addition of Fe
Definition
rocks get darker, more alkaline, and less resistant to weathering (esp. chemical)
Term
ISOMORPHIC SUBSTITUTION
Definition
replacement of central Si atom by Al (becomes aluminosilicate)

as mineral forms from molton magma
Term
FELDSPARS
Definition
when 25% of the Si4+ becomes Al3+

albite -- Na+ fills -1 charge
anoonthite -- Ca2+ fills -2 charge
orthoclase -- K+ fills -1 charge
Term
CLASTIC
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Definition
mixed weathered transported materials
conglomerate (boulders)
sandstone (sand)
shale (clay)
Term
CHEMICAL
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Definition
new materials formed "in situ" (a sedimentary envr)
limestone
evaporites
iron stone
organic
Term
PHYSICAL WEATHERING
Definition
freeze thew
thermal changes
wetting and drying
biological
salt weathering
pressure release
Term
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Definition
direct solution
hydration
oxidation-reduction
chelation
carbonation
hydrolysis
Term
FREEZE THAW
Definition
liquid to ice phase change inc P and volume

physical weathering
Term
THERMAL CHANGES
Definition
minerals expand and contract with temp changes
physical weathering
Term
WETTING AND DRYING
Definition
clays inc volume when wet
physical weathering
Term
BIOLOGICAL
Definition
roots and worms
physical weathering
Term
SALT WEATHERING
Definition
salt crystal formation and growth
physical weathering
Term
PRESSURE RELEASE
Definition
igneous rocks at surface
physical weathering
Term
DIRECT SOLUTION
Definition
dissolution of soluble salts
Na leaves

chemical weathering
Term
HYDRATION
Definition
water absorption/addition

chemical weathering
Term
OXIDATION REDUCTION
Definition
valency change
ex: Fe2+ to Fe3+

chemical weathering
Term
CHELATION
Definition
organic matter decomposition
reaction of usually insoluble elements with complex organic compounds and then they are soluble

chemical weathering
Term
CARBONATION
Definition
H2CO3 rxn with carbonates
go from insoluble to soluble

chemical weathering
Term
HYDROLYSIS
Definition
rxn of H+ ion with a cation in the mineral

ex: acid rain

chemical weathering
Term
ROLE OF SOILS WITH E BUDGET OF SURFACE
Definition
1. receipt and radiation of solar SW and terrestrial LW
2. albedo
3. sensible heat transfer (air heat)
4. latent heat transfer (ET and water phase changes)
Term
ROLE OF SOILS WITH HYDROLIC BUDGET OF SURFACE
Definition
1. infiltration of rain
2. soil retention of water...saturation, field capacity, wilting point (drainage of water to the ground water table)
3. soil texture
Term
FACTORS IN SOIL TEXTURE
Definition
particle size (sand > silt > clay)

soil infiltration rate
permeability
available water capacity
soil structure
cation exchange capacity
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