Term
|
Definition
| increasing economic and political significance (fishing now oil), 7.5% of total ocean area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick layer of sediment, in regions where trenches do not exist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deepest part of ocean (earthquakes, etc); long, narrow troughs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flat, assumed buried under lots of sediment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isolated peaks, volcanic in origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| submerged flat topped seamounts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skeletal remains of coral built up over thousands of years; warm, shallow waters (Pacific and Indian) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coral islands that reach the floor of the ocean |
|
|
Term
| primary salts of the ocean water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extends on top of water's surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corals relationship with algae |
|
Definition
| maintain symbiotic relationship (algae are the limiting factors) |
|
|
Term
| primary limiting factor to coral growth |
|
Definition
| temperature (light and water salinity too) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most common (around islands), at shoreline |
|
|
Term
| Problems involved in coral reefs |
|
Definition
| increased pollution, land use is increasing sedimentation, over-exploitation of reefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coral eating, increased by human activities |
|
|
Term
| growth required for mangroves |
|
Definition
soft muds
low wave energy regimes
rainy locations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fuelwood, construction, food, medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eustatic sea level change |
|
Definition
| global change in sea level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| up and down movement of plate tectonics |
|
|
Term
| What is earth's climate driven by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solar energy arrives at the outer edge of atmosphere at a constant rate |
|
|
Term
| important variations in energy receipt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of energy hitting a surface that is reflected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process of heating the earth |
|
Definition
| sun heats the earth, earth heats its own atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important factor for heat transfer (low energy=ice) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most important factor for heating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cool summers/warm winters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of proxy measures |
|
Definition
| ice cores, peat (pollen), tree rings (dendrochronology), beetles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-2 degrees Celcius every 1,000 year |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important greenhouse gas, comes from rice fields, termites, farting cattle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intercept and scatter small portion of incoming radiation from the sun, thus reducing the energy reaching the ground (biomass burning of tropical savannas) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cities that meet WHO standards |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beijing, Cairo, Jakarta, LA, Mexico City, Moscow, Sao Paulo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coastal and estuary water are affected by algal foam and scum |
|
|
Term
| Since 1980, what are the conditions of oil spills? |
|
Definition
| there has been a reduction in the number of major oil spills, partly as a consequence of diminished long distance oil transport to western Europe |
|
|
Term
| Milankovitch/Orbital Theory (of climate change) |
|
Definition
1. Earth's orbit around the sun is not a perfect circle but an ellipse
2. "precession of the equinoxes": time of year at which the Earth is nearest the sun varies
3. "obliquity of the elliptic": changes occur between the angle of the plane of Earth's orbit and the plane of its rotational equator (greater the tilt, more pronounced is the difference between winter and summer) |
|
|
Term
| levels of CO2 in the atmosphere |
|
Definition
| low levels lead to cooling, and high levels would be expected to produce a "heat trap" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| responses to the original forcing factors that act either to increase or intensify the original forcing (positive, ex: snow) or to decrease/reverse it (negative) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs because of the presence of certain gases that absorb infrared radiation, causes avg temp of surface and atms to increase |
|
|
Term
| How have humans been increasing the greenhouse effect? |
|
Definition
| increasing carbon dioxide levels (started with deforestation in the Holocene?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground deprived of vegetation cover as a result of deforestation and overgrazing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| low if places that are normally covered with sparse grasses have dry soils throughout the summer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| major cause of urban air pollution |
|
Definition
| photochemical smog (most common in tropics, during high sunshine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidity can reach the ground surface without the assistance of water droplets |
|
|
Term
| solution to solve acid rain |
|
Definition
| add powdered limestone to lakes to increase their pH values |
|
|
Term
| stratospheric ozone layer |
|
Definition
| absorbs incoming solar ultraviolet radiation (warming stratosphere) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants directly and indirectly provide the food for almost all fish |
|
|
Term
| coral and mangrove relationship |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cliff (stacks), wave cut bench, wave built terrace |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bars, barriers, barrier spits, baymouth barriers bayhead barriers, barrier islands |
|
|
