Term
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Definition
| Set of geomorphic features subject to similar combination or set of exogenic processes |
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Definition
geographically delimited coastal region
may contain cliffs, bays, beaches
defined by closed system of sediment supply and distribution
length of a coastal area |
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Definition
| coastal area perpindicular to the shore |
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Definition
| furthest extent of wave or tidal influence |
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Definition
| the depth beyond capacity of waves to deposit sediment |
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| fluctuating point of contact with water |
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Definition
| zone of interaction between shallow and deeper water |
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Definition
| deposition of sediment seaward of surfzone - resupply of beach |
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Definition
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Definition
| slightly elevated areas of beach that indicate waterline |
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Definition
| above the normal tidal range but can be affected by storm surge |
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Definition
| refracted waves strike the coast at oblique angles, from the side, and create a horizontal current in and seaward of the surf zone |
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Definition
| effect of longshore current - transport of beach sediment along the LZ horizontally |
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Definition
movement of sediment along the beach within the swash zone
travels in same direction as longshore current |
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Term
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Definition
gentle wave action
period of higher deposition of shore
berm formation above high tide level
steep beach face |
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Definition
stronger waves - period of high erosion
deposition offshore - sandbars - submerged beach sediment |
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Definition
created by wind blown beach sediment
in motion
limited by stabilizing effects of vegetation |
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Term
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Definition
undulations in a body of water caused by friction of wind on the surface
primarily generated by storms at sea
but also earthquakes and landslides - seismic sea wave |
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Definition
| series of swells - can travel thousands of KM |
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Definition
open water waves
water particles move in circular motion
horizontal movement of wave energy
transference of energy through water - not trans of water |
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Definition
shallow water waves - approach to shore
decrease in depth = increase in frictional drag
wavelength decreases - closer together |
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Term
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Definition
oncoming waves slow down at coastal approach
conform to submarine topography -> bending of wave train (refraction)
concentration of wave energy at areas of resistance |
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Term
| convergence of wave energy |
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Definition
at coastal protrusions
erosional |
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Term
| divergence of wave energy |
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Definition
in bays and coves
depositional |
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Term
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Definition
hydraulic action - force of moving water - augmented by wave energy
dislodging of particles and rock
EX: sea stacks, sea arches, sea cliffs |
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Term
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Definition
| suspended sediments scour rocks |
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Definition
suspended load is deposited when wave energy dissipates in the swash zone
EX: beach - deposit of coastal sediment and material of various sizes |
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Definition
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| continuous - ocean beach SF |
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Definition
| consists of pebbles, rocks and stones derived fro local, resistant rock |
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Definition
broken up pieces of coral, shells and exoskeletons of sea creatures - bioclasts
typical of tropic and subtropic communities - closer to coral reefs |
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Definition
| weathered and eroded pieces of igneous extrusive rock further disintegrated by wave action |
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Definition
| rapid, dramatic increase in wave height |
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| seismic sea wave as high as 20m |
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Definition
| to determine potential extent of coastal submergence |
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Definition
wind as agent of erosion and transportation
wind behaves like a fluid but with low viscosity
smaller capacity to erode and transport compared to water and ice |
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Term
| two principle processes of eolian erosion |
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Definition
1. deflation: removal lifting and scattering of loose particles
2. abrasion: air born particles erode surfaces by scraping and sculpting "sandblasting" |
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Definition
| bouncing and skipping of particles |
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Definition
| impact of saltating material dislodges and moves other particles |
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Definition
| fine particles transported by suspension and deposited into thick, cohesive beds |
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Definition
| particles become airborne |
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Definition
crescent shaped
strong prevailing wind from one direction |
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Definition
continuous ridges
moderate prevailing wind - little variation in direction
abundant sand supply
typical beach dunes |
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Definition
ridge shaped - paralled to prevailing wind
strong winds from two directions
abundant sand supply |
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Definition
wind sculpted linear rock formation
formed by deflation and abrasion
aligned parallel to effective wind |
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Definition
| removal of loose particles and transport by suspension |
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Definition
| scouring of material by airborne particles |
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Term
| zones of subtropical high pressure |
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Definition
| descending warm, dry ait masses at 23-30 N/S |
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Definition
| effect of mountain ranges of leeward areas - dry climates |
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Definition
| long distance from large bodies of water |
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Term
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Definition
shaped by eolian and fluvial processes - ephemeral streams/stream channels
subject to rapid high flow during rain events - flash flood |
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Term
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Definition
stream transition from steep to low gradient
spread of alluvium in all directions
cone distributed sediment at canyon mouth
successive build up from ephemeral/seasonal flow |
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Term
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Definition
mass of ide formed by thickening and compaction of snow and water over time
minimum of 40 m thick |
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Term
| alpine glaciers (mountain glacier) |
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Definition
result of cold conditions at high elevation
usually form in valleys
located worldwide |
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Term
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Definition
located in polar and near polar latitudes
thick and extensive
greenland and antarctica |
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Definition
| any glacial mass that covers an entire landscape |
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Definition
granual snow in transition to ice
survives seasonal melting
indicates extent of glacial accumulation |
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Definition
accumulates based of glacial year
each layer indicated one season of accumulation |
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Definition
"river of ice"
pliable plastic consistency
more pliable at base and brittle on top
motion by basal slip |
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| velocity profile of glacial flow |
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Definition
| flow at surface is greater at base - creates crevasses |
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Definition
| dislodging and picking up material from weight of glacial mass |
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Definition
| from weight of ice and abrasion |
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Definition
| scouring of landscape from material embedded in the glacier |
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Definition
| bowl shaped head of glacial valley |
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Definition
| flows into the main glacier |
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Definition
| lateral glacier fractures |
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Definition
| rock and sediment debris transported by glacial advance - deposited as ridges or hills |
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Definition
| till deposits between glaciers |
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Definition
| sits above glacial through - formerly terminated at main glacier |
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| carved by glaciers at base |
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Definition
| glacial valley inundated by seawater |
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Definition
| ridge or crest that indicates furthest point of glacial advance |
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Definition
| area of braided streams, lakes, ponds and depressions at glacial edge |
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Definition
| ridge of glacial till - unsorted clasts of all sizes |
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Definition
| rocks and boulders left behind during glacial retract |
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Definition
cover a significant portion of a large land mass
minimum of 50000 sq/km |
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Term
| Quaternary period Pleistocene Epoch Ice age |
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Definition
1.8-2 million years ago begins
defined by a sequence of alternating glacial and interglacial periods in 100,000 year cycles
advance and retreat of continental ice sheets and alpice glaciation in Northern latitudes |
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Term
| Ice age positive feedback loop |
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Definition
more ice cover:
more snowfall / ice cover
higher albedo
reduces summer melting |
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Term
| How was the world different during last Glacial Maximum? |
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Definition
colder: 4-9 C lower than today
drier: expansion of grassland, savannah and semi arid
compaction of forests
less circulating moisture - trapped in ice sheets |
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Term
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Definition
realm of all living things - atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere
ocean floor, underneath the ground to altitudes 8km |
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Definition
| study of spatial distribution of flora and fauna and the processes that produce these spatial patterns |
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Definition
| community of organisms functioning together in an interdependent relation with the environment they occupy |
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Definition
| no living components/factors |
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Definition
| biotic subdivision of an ecosystem |
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Definition
| large terrestrial ecosystem consisting of numerous smaller, related subsystems like ecosystem and community |
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Definition
| spatial extent of a habitation by a particular species (ecosystem is a collection of habitats) |
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Definition
combination of role or function of a particular species and its habitat
what it does and where it does it |
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Definition
area of transition between ecosystems
can be abrupt or gradual |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
plant life - primary producers
primary biotic component of most terrestrial systems
convert solar energy, water, C02 into carbohydrates (photosynthesis) |
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| global net primary productivity (NPP) |
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Definition
rate at which new, primary organic material is created
measured in organic carbon (grams)/sq meter |
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Term
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Definition
more green in spring
only green in S hemisphere in winter
more green in N hemisphere in summer
more green in Southern hemisphere in Fall |
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Definition
decomposers - begin process of rot
detrius eaters consume waste and release nutrients back to soil |
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Term
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Definition
| similar abiotic conditions produce related biotic systems |
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| temperature/precipitation of eco. |
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Definition
warm and wet conditions produce dense and diverse systems
cold and dry produce sparse systems
moisture is the controling factor independent of temperature |
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Definition
| factor in climate regime - ecosystem type |
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Definition
| distribution of biome types based on latitude |
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altidude
(vertical zonation) |
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Definition
| changes in system type based on altitude are similar to changes based on latitude |
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| primary bases of classification of biome |
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Definition
| vegetation type - forest, grassland shrubland |
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Term
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Definition
| any disruption of a functioning ecosystem |
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Term
| types of disturbance to ecosystem |
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Definition
volcanic activity
hurricane
tsunamis
drought
fire
invasive species |
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Term
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Definition
non-native transplant of species
replaces existing species with an ecosystem
disrupt existing balance - change in ecosystem dynamic |
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| competative exclusion principle |
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Definition
| no two species can occupy the same niche within a single ecosystem |
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Definition
disturbance is total - complete removal of existing biota
result of initiating disturbance |
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Definition
| generally small, highly adaptive plants that prepare way for transition to next stage of recovery |
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Definition
| succession process builds on surviving biota - both plants and animals |
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Definition
| gradual expansion of niche and habitat leading to increasingly complex ecosystem |
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Definition
| various stages of disturbance and recovery |
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Definition
local obliteration of habitat - initiating disturbance
bare ground, logging roads and skid trails lead to increased erosion
disrupt migration and/or foraging pattern of animals |
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Definition
removal of forested land for purposes of conversion to new use
clear cutting/burning |
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Term
| human perception of natural hazards |
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Definition
understanding natural hazard risk
natural hazard risk communication
evacuation
vulerability
blame and denial
preparation, prevention and mitigation |
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Term
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Definition
| normal and natural occurences that are the result of fluctuations in the environment |
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Definition
| rare and unusual events of large scale proportions and devistation |
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Definition
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Definition
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| public believes that it is possible to be completely safe and have risk completely removed |
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Definition
| 1% annual exceedance probability flood |
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Definition
| how close a population is to a hazard and what the physical conditions surrounding that hazard are |
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Definition
| how well a population is protected against a hazard |
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Definition
| how well a population can cope and recover after a disaster incident |
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| socual vulnerability index |
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Definition
| what segments of the population will lose the most in a disaster |
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Definition
| preparing for an emergency by one's own initiative, rather than government order |
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Definition
| residents can accept that disasters happe to other people in other places but will still deny that it can happen to them |
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| what can we do to prepare for natural disaster? |
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Definition
preparation - community drills, evacuation plans, emergency supply packs
prevention
mitigation |
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Term
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Definition
taking action to make negative effects or repercussions of hazards less severe
-leave hazardous areas underdeveloped or use for alternative purposes
-charge land developers a fee that will go towards emergency education or recovery funds |
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Term
| 3 determinants of aridity |
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Definition
1. zone of subtropical high pressure - descending warm, dry air mass, seasonal variation
2. leeward side of mountain
3. continental interiors |
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Term
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Definition
mountain glaciers
result of cold weather at high elevation |
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