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Definition
| Dry lake bed. flat level landforms. depositional. low point of a basin. |
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| The expanding of desert conditions into areas previously not desert. occurs all over the world. ex. the Sahel in the 60's due to drought. |
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| In a desert piedmont zone, due to lack of stream flow, alluvial deposits form at the mountain front and basin floor. topographic feature of Basin and Range terrain |
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| rilled and barren terrain of arid and semiarid regions. Have short steep slopes. shale and clay formations. Erosion is to rapid to permit soil to form or plants to grow. barren topography |
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| Desert landscape surface. "sea of sand". Arabic word for sand. large area covered with loose sand generally arranged in a dune formation from the wind. product of deposition. ex. sahara |
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| tight covering of coarse gravel, and or boulders from which all sand has been removed by wind and water. Arabic for stone. ex. australia has desert pavement where the rocks are so close together it looks like pavement. product of erosion. |
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| are related to wind actions. Aeolus is the greek god for wind. |
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Erosive effect of wind
two types: Deflation and Abrasion |
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| the shifting of loos particles as a result of their being blown either through the air or along the ground. No land forms are created by deflation. Factor in the formation of reg surface |
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| requires airborne debris like sand. Only sculpts pre existing land forms. etches and polishes exposed rock surfaces. I.E. like wind sandblasting. |
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| Creep: where sand slowly moves downwind as a result of saltating grains. sandstorms very erosive to terrain |
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Sand Dune is a aeolian deposit.
where loose wind blown sand is heaped into a pile |
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| individual dune that migrates across a non sandy surface. crescent shaped. sand movement is from the west side to the slip face and around the edges of the crescent. fastest moving of all sand dunes and are found in all desert except Australia. Mostly found in central Asia and the Sahara |
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| flat coastlines. ocean waves deposit sand along the beach with the help of wind sand is blown inland forming dunes. parabolic dunes ex. atlantic coast line of France |
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| Loess: wind deposited silt that is buff colored and lacks horizontal stratification. Loess= german word. excepts and holds large amount of water. produces bluffs. produced by meltwater from glacier caring debris. fertile and productive soils. often stands in a vertical cliff |
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Definition
| Found in the southwest interior. no external drainage, exotic rivers. extensive faulting(low angle detachment faults). Fault block mountain ranges with drainage basins Three features: Ranges, Piedmont zones, and Basins ex. Death Valley |
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| marks the change from range to basin |
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| American Southwest. Ex. Four corners region. Mesa if flat topped surface, Sacrps are vertical cliffs Top part/mesa of a landform is called a caprock. resistant layers of rock are what cause the abrupt erosional patterns. |
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| Mesa and scarp land forms |
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Definition
Plateaus/stripped plain
Mesa:smaller plateau
Butte smaller mesa
Pinnacle smaller butte |
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| Seif. long narrow dunes that occur in a parallel arrangement. a few dozen to hundred meters high. result of two dominant wind directions. not common in American but often found other places |
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| Permanent stream in dry lands. Exotic mean they are sustained by water from outside of the desert. water come from adjacent wetter areas or higher mountain areas. ex. Nile or colorado rivers. |
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| Ice that travels down valleys in the mountains. it reaches the bottom of the mountain and is no longercofined by valley walls therefore becoming a piedmont glacier |
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Definition
| development of individual glaciers high in the mountains instead of in a broad ice field. usually at the heads of valleys. alpine glacier spill ou of there origin basins and flow down valley becoming a valley glacier and then possibly a piedmont. |
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Definition
| small alpine glacier that is confined to the basin where it originates. basin is called a cirque. |
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| form in nonmountainous areas of continents. blanets of ice because to there size they push down the underlying terrain hundreds of meters. only two exist today in Antartica and Greenland. deep in the middle and thinner at the edges. |
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Definition
| ice from a continental glacier goes out into the sea . Ice beaks off and float away. these huge ice masses are called icebergs |
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| end of the ice age or isostasy. consisted of an alternation of glacial (accumulate) periods and interglacial (retreat) periods. ended 11000 years ago pleistocene covers 1/3 of the land area. |
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| Laurntide ice covered most of canada and a lot of the northeastern states. alaska and south eastern states |
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| accumulation of ice on continents causes a world wide lowering of sea level. When they retreat sea level rises as melt water returns to the ocean |
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| weight of ice causes a depression in the earth that rebounds when the ice is melted this is called isostacy |
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| during the Pleistocene there was plenty of moisture due to increased meltwater runoff and precipitation and decreased evaporation. the effect was the creation of lakes where none had previously existed most have drained but left lasting impressions. |
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Term
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Definition
| line separating the (above line) zone of accumulation and (below line) zone of ablation. accumulation exactly balances ablation. |
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| rock-debris deposited by moving or melting ice with no melt water redeposition involved. The result of melting around the margin of an ice sheet or the lower end of and alpine glacier. |
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Definition
| outsized boulders are deposited by a retreating glacier. these rock fragments are different from the local bedrock. |
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| glacier deposited landform made of till. more long then wide. |
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| ridge of till that marks the outer most limit of glacial advance. The toe of glacier isn't advancing but the interior continues to flow forward depositing till as the ice melts. |
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Definition
| develops as the glacier recedes. mark where the ice front was stabilized during the retreat of the glacier. shaped like a concave arc. |
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Definition
| formed when large amounts of till are deposited from underneath the glacier rather than from its edge. consists of low knolls and shallow kettles. |
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| form when large blocks of ice left by a retreating glacier becomes surrounded or even covered by glacial drift. after the ice melts the morain surface collapses leaving and irregular depresion |
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Definition
| elongated ridge. smaller than a moraine irish word. parallel with the direction of i movement. found in New york and Wisconsin |
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Definition
| most extensive glaciofluvial feature. smooth flat alluvial aprons deposited beyond recessional or terminal roombb |
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Definition
| long sinuous ridges of stratified drift. originate when streams running through interior of an ice sheet become choked off and aren't flowing or advancing. these streams have a lot of debris and the are deposited. When they are exposed as the ice melts away. |
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| broad amphitheater hollowed out at the head of a glacial valley |
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| a narrow jagged spine of rock that is left over from a cirque that has been cut back into an interfluve from opposite sides of a divide. |
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| An prominent feature of glaciated highland summits. Steep sided pyramid shaped mountain peak formed where three or more cirques intersect |
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| U shaped glacial trough caused by the abrasion and plucking of valley glacier. |
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| largest depositional feature produced by mountain glaciation. these are well defined ridges of unsorted debris built up along the sides of valley glaciers |
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| when glaciers join together their lateral become united at the intersection and continue down the combined glacier . dark band of rocky debris |
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Definition
| troughs once occupied by glaciers were pushed down to a low elevation. In the Pleistocene period the seal level rose and sea water filled the troughs |
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| seismic sea waves triggered by a disruption of the ocean floor fault. (especially vertical displacement caused by reverse or thrust faulting along a subduction zone or and underwater volcanic eruption.) |
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| zigzag movement of sediment that results in a general downwind displacement parallel to the coast. wave approach coast obliquely causing the sediment to deposit in a zigzag. erosional |
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Definition
| Depositional feature. Exposed deposit of loose sediment adjacent to a body of water. transition zone between land and water. |
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| The growing bank of land guides the current farther into the deep water, where still more material is dropped. linear deposit attached to the land at one end and extending into open water. Straight and sandy peninsulas projecting out into a bay |
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Definition
| Depositional feature that connects a nearshore island with the mainland. |
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| Depositional land form. A long, narrow sandbar built up in shallow offshore waters, either near the coast or far out at sea. Parallel to the shore. produced bt heaping up debris where large waves begin to break in the shallow waters of continental shelves. |
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| Cliff: waves erode away at a rocky headland forming steep wave cut cliffs. Pounding and abrasion frequently cuts a notch at the high water level. The overhang collapses eventually as it erodes. the cliff recedes and the ocean advances. |
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Definition
| formed where wave action cuts through the bottom of a cliff topped headland . |
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| develop where wave erosion leaves towers of rock isolated offshore from the coastal cliff. |
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| erosional surface slightly below water level. Combo with cliff and platform make and L shape. with an extending platform. |
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Definition
| when a wave-cut platform is uplifted by a tectonically rising coast a marine terrace is formed. |
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| Islands are usually fringed with coral reefs. Like to form around a volcanic island |
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Definition
| when the volcano first forms coral accumulates on the mountain flank just below sea level. so you get a reef formed right onto the volcano |
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| evolution of a fringing coral reef |
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Definition
| new layers are laid down on the old building the reef upward in a cylinder of irregular height. At the same time the volcano island is sinking and pulling the original reef base down. the result at the water surface is a coral ring separated by a lagoon from what remains showing of the volcanic island. this is called a barrier reef. |
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Definition
| The surface of a barrier reef is usually right at sea level, with some portions projecting upward into the air |
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Definition
| once the volcanic island disappears below sea level the barrier reef becomes one |
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| wind, water ad animals are the primary means of seed dispersal. ex coconut palm seeds migrated to islands by floating across the sea. they seed can go for months or years without losing its fertility. they originated in south east asia but washed up on beaches and colonized. |
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Definition
| study of the distribution patterns fo living organisms and how these atterns change over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| all the organisms in a given area, and how they interact with one-another |
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Definition
| any large recognizable assemblage of plants and animals in functional interactions with its environment. Usually named for a dominant vegetation of the biomass. ex. tropical rainforest |
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Term
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Definition
tropical rainforest
tropical deciduous forest
tropical scrub
tropical savanna
desert
mediterranean woodland
midlatitude grassland
midlatitude deciduous forest
boreal forest
tundra |
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Term
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Definition
| transitions zones of competition in which the typical species of one biome intermingle with those of another |
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Definition
| organisms found only in a particular area. |
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| in hawaii the ant is killing off a caterpillar because it can signal for its army really fast these species don't work together in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
consistent rainfall and high temperatures. found at equator
tropical wet (Af) tropical monsoon (Am) climates. most complex of all terrestrial ecosystems. diverse specie and and broadleaf evergreen species. canopy provides shade to the forest flor |
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Term
| Tropical deciduous forest |
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Definition
| above and below tropical rainforest . high temperatures but less rain then tropical rainforest. less dense canopy. dry period where trees shed leaves. high variety of shrubs and more ground level vertebrates (monkeys birds bats and lizards. |
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Definition
| drier portions of tropical savanna (Aw) and tropical steppe (Bhs) climates. low rowing scraggly trees and tall bushes. less species diversity.deciduous. thorny shrubs. ex. namibia |
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Definition
| tall grasses form ground cover. or bunchgrass (bare ground with tuffs of grass). zebras etc..wet season nad dry season and wildfires season. |
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Definition
| midlatitude locations in asia, north america and south america. drought resistant plants like succulents. sparse plant bare ground . shrub plans. |
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| mediterranean woodland and shrub |
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Definition
| found in six scattered areas of the midlatitudes. dry summer wet winter. (Mediterranean (Cs) climates. woody shrubs. Grass oaks. |
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Definition
| occur in north america and eurasia. lack of precipitation adn frequent fires prevent growth of tree or shrub seeds. wet areas have tall grass. steppe |
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| midlatitude deciduous forest |
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Definition
| Northern hemisphere continents. deciduous forests. used for agriculture. rich fauna |
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Definition
| north america and eurasia. mostly conifers trees. limited species. tall dense trees permanently frozen sub soil. |
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| cold desert. scarce moisture; short cool summers. mixture of dwarf species and grasses, mosses,hervs and low shrubs. |
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| types of human interference |
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Definition
| physical removal , habitat modification, and translocation of organisms |
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Term
| freemont island , great salt lake |
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Definition
| show terraces or levels where it goes straight accross from the giant glacier |
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Definition
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| area of the barrier is greater than the isladn |
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| used to be and atoll then it got pushed up by tectonic movement in the asthenosphere. made of limestone and will eventually fall back down |
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| depleted forest from mining |
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Definition
great multitudes of droplets combine together to form a large droplet that overcomes turbulence and evaporation. under the influence of gravity it falls to earth.
collision adn coalescence fo water droplets. |
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Definition
| earths orbit around the sun isn’t circular and that influences distance from sun and temperature on earth. the tilt isn’t always 23 1/2 degrees it ranges 22-24. the less tilt the more likeley you’ll have ice ages because summers are cooler. The more tilt the greater the difference between seasons |
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| why did polynesians burn forest in hawaii |
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Definition
| to make way for crops affected the natural biome in a not so good way |
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| European biological introductions to hawaii |
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Definition
| domestic animals : they destroyed native plants and animals like Ferrell pigs, rats , and ants. |
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| plants and animals detrimental to naive organisms |
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Definition
carried new diseases or become predators with out anything hunting them.
rodents -kill yellos bird and nothing kills them to keep population down |
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| what do biologists doing on steep sloopes of molokai |
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Definition
| pollenate flowers because the bird or insect thats supposed to pollenate them is extinct. |
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