Shared Flashcard Set

Details

geo test 4
chapters 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13
190
Geology
Undergraduate 1
12/06/2012

Additional Geology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
anthenosphere does this, lithosphere does not do this
Definition
will the lithosphere or athenosphere flow
Term
this section of the earth involved with plate techonics is rigid
Definition
lithosphere is rigid
Term
the three layers where plate techtonics happen
Definition
http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.minkhollow.ca/becker/lib/exe/fetch.php%3Fhash%3Dcd56ca%26w%3D250%26media%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.plate-tectonics.org%252FLithosphere%252520and%252520Asthenosphere.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.minkhollow.ca/becker/doku.php?id%3Dmrc:gened-1101:disasters&h=259&w=430&sz=53&tbnid=jbLejR31aCEn6M:&tbnh=90&tbnw=149&zoom=1&usg=__uFxditgHXEN_TvcDPh1Fj3WmlSk=&docid=PQn4593tkEiJSM&sa=X&ei=onfBUO68BqSB0QG_9YCYCA&ved=0CDMQ9QEwAA&dur=342
Term
lithosphere has this quality, and it his here
Definition
it is rigid, and it is between the top of the crust and the anthenosphere
Term
isotacy
Definition
mountains and dips in the crust push down on the mantle beneath it
Term
3 best ways to map plate boundaries
Definition
these are the best indicators of _____
1. epicenters of earthquakes
2. volcanoes- only at 2/3 kinds of plate boundaries: spreading centers and subduction zones.
3. bathymetry: measurement of topography of ocean
Term
convergent plate boundaries include four kinds of faults
Definition
these faults are all one kind of plate boundary 1. thrust 2. reverse 3. collision4. subduction
Term
subductions faults at convergent plate boundaries form between what two kinds of plate
Definition
ocean-continent and ocean-ocean
Term
collision faults at convergent plate boundaries are between what kinds of plate
Definition
continent-continent
Term
divergent plate boundaries include these kinds of faults
Definition
these kinds of faults are evidence of what kind of plate boundary
1. normal faults
2. sea-floor spreading/mid-ocean ridge
3. rift valley
Term
transform plate boundaries include these kinds of boundary
Definition
all strike-slip faults
Term
large igenous provinces composed of flood basalts are evidence of this phenomena
Definition
evidence of hotspots at the surface
Term
hotspots start as this deep in the earth
Definition
a plume of lighter rock that rises through the mantle and then the crust is the start of this phenomena
Term
a reduction of pressure has this effect on mantle plumes that will become hotspots
Definition
why mantle plumes go from solid to liquid as they rise from the mantle to the crust
Term
shape/movement/location of mantle plume
Definition
a tadpole shape of plastically moving rock in the mantle
Term
a trail of dead volcanoes is caused by this
Definition
a mantle plume continuing to rise from one spot as plates move leaves this
Term
3 terms that make plates go
Definition
1. convection currents
2. ridge push
3. slab pull
these are three causes of _____
Term
explanation of how convection currents drive plate movement
Definition
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=XtiIJ5hbt3n43M:&imgrefurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/C003124/en/mantle.htm&docid=fH2fCKvXraXkBM&imgurl=http://library.thinkquest.org/C003124/images/convect.jpg&w=295&h=323&ei=_OnEUO-RJOjV0gGj_4HgBw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=308&vpy=139&dur=1298&hovh=235&hovw=215&tx=105&ty=113&sig=114709385286273616729&page=1&tbnh=132&tbnw=123&start=0&ndsp=33&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:158
Term
ridge push's affect on plate movement
Definition
as magma comes out of volcanoes, it moves/pushes out to either side,as magma or rock
Term
slab pull's affect on plate movement
Definition
as subducting plates move downwards, they pull continents towards them
Term
what are the two plate-moving activities going on here?
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=doyCAPwcVVdcxM:&imgrefurl=http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/pgs/quiz_section12.2.htm&docid=L_NtHvZBApO3PM&imgurl=http://www.bcscience.com/bc10/images/0_quiz-12.2-03.jpg&w=570&h=273&ei=kabDUP6UCuXi0gH_lYCgAw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=478&vpy=182&dur=1213&hovh=155&hovw=325&tx=168&ty=84&sig=114709385286273616729&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=282&start=0&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:106
Definition
slab pull and ridge push
Term
2 things not including heat that can cause melting of igneous rock
Definition
these have what effect on very hot igneous rock
1. decompression
2. dissolution by adding water
Term
4 types of magma
Definition
four types of _____
1.mafic
2. felsic
3. intermediate
4. ultramafic
Term

 

composition of mafic magma

Definition
magma that is 45-52% silica with a lot of iron/magnesium
Term

composition of felsic magma

 

Definition

 

magma that is 66-76% silica (silicic), has a lot of potassuim/aluminuim

Term
magma that is 52-66% silica
Definition
composition of intermediate magma
Term
magma that is 38-45% silica
Definition
composition of ultramafic magma
Term
silica's effect on magma
Definition
this compenent of magma polymerizes, making magma more viscous
Term
more viscous magma is more ____
Definition
more felsic magma has a more ____ texture
Term
only place to find ultramafic magma
Definition
ocean ridges are the only place to find this kind of magma becuase it is so rare
Term
less viscous magma creates what when coming out of a volcano
Definition
fountains of magma coming out of a volcano can be caused by magma that is _____
Term
assimilation in terms of rising magma bodies
Definition
when magam bodies rise, they consume the rock they move through
Term
5 things that affect the composition of magma
Definition
1. fractional crystalizaiton
2. source of rock compositon
3. partial melting
4. mixed magma
5. assimilation
Term
partial melting of rock goes in a particular order
Definition
felsic minerals melt first
Term
fractinal cystalization
Definition
when magma/lava cools, mafic minerals form first, they are more dense and sink down
Term
xenolith
Definition
solid rock suspended in magma
Term
plutons and batholiths: similar in what way and different in what way
Definition
similar in that they are both igenous intrusions,
the first is smaller on the scale
of a mountains or hill
the second is larger on the scale of mountain range
Term
an igneous intrusion on the scale of single hill or mountain
Definition
pluton
Term
batholiths
Definition
igneous intrusion on the scale of mountain range
Term
the dome-shaped igneous intrusion
http://www.google.com/imgres?hl=en&sa=X&tbo=d&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=tg8MSzNyBrSOgM:&imgrefurl=http://vankid.deviantart.com/art/Laccolith-and-Lopolith-86364109&docid=tsR9cxMOErvLAM&imgurl=http://www.deviantart.com/download/86364109/Laccolith_and_Lopolith_by_VanKid.png&w=1084&h=787&ei=KK7DUNroGYLF0QGb94Ag&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=197&vpy=280&dur=4100&hovh=191&hovw=264&tx=118&ty=122&sig=114709385286273616729&page=1&tbnh=135&tbnw=206&start=0&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0,i:110
Definition
laccolith image
Term
long, vertical, pointy ingeous intrusion that follows cracks or fissures in the rock and goes through mulitple strata
Definition
dike
Term
long, thin, horizontal ingenous intrusions that fit between strata in rock
Definition
sills
Term
inflated sill that forms a dome
Definition
laccolith can come from what other kind of igneous intrusion
Term
country rock
Definition
peice of bedrock suspended in magma/igneous instrusion
Term
felsic lava flows have what quality and why
Definition
these kinds of flows are explosive, becuase they are viscous because of high levels of polymerized silica
Term
mafic lava flows have what quality and why
Definition
they have long lava flows because of low viscosity which is caused by a low level of polymerized silica
Term
long lava flows come from what kind of lava and why
Definition
they come from mafic lava which has a low viscosity which is caused by low silica content
Term
explosive lava flows come from what quality of lava and why
Definition
these kinds of lava flows come from felsic lava which has a high polymerized silica content
Term
which kind of lava flows can go up to 500 km?
Definition
mafic flows are the only kind of lava flow that have this kind of length
Term
lava tubes
Definition
when lava flows beneath the surface of cooled rock from a lava flow
Term
pillow lavas/pillow basalts
Definition
formation when low-viscosity lava flows meet ocean
Term
shape of pillow lava/pillow basalts
Definition
discontinous lumps of igneous rock
Term
pahoehoe
Definition
smooth, ropey-looking cooled lava flows
Term
a'a'
Definition
chunky, broken-up slow cooled lava flows
Term
columnar jointing
Definition
lava flows break up into columns when they cool and contract. the columns tend to have 3-7 flat sides
Term
a lava flow that goes less than 2 km and forms a dome
Definition
distance travled/shape formed by felsic lava flow
Term
distance travled by intermediate between felsic and mafic lava flow
Definition

 

 

lava flow that goes avg 10 km

Term
500 km lava flow
Definition
distance traveled by mafic lava
Term
volcaniclastics
Definition
rock from volcanos or mostly from volcanos that have been moved by physical action
Term
tiny glass shards emitted from a volcano
Definition
volcanic ash
Term
pea to plum sized fragments of scorla and pumice that have different names depnding on how stretched they are
Definition
lapilli
Term
pele's hair
Definition
very stretched out lapilli
Term
pele's tears
Definition
somewhat strecthed out lapilli
Term
pumice or scorla coming out of a volcano usally takes what shape and is what
Definition
usually takes the shape of pea to plum sized fragments and is called lapilli
Term
any fragmented material from a volcanoe
Definition
pyroclastic debris
Term
pieces of rock, apple to refrigerator sized launched from a volcano
Definition
blocks and bombs
Term
volcaniclastic blocks
Definition
peices of rock, apple to refrigerator sized launched from a volcano that were already solid when launched
Term
volcaniclastic pieces of magma, apple-refrigerator sized, that are launched magma and soldify in the air
Definition
volcaniclastic bombs
Term
this kind of rock makes up pyroclastic flow
Definition
ignimbrite rock
Term
avalanche of ash or ash+lapilli
Definition
pyroclastic flow
Term
pyroclastic debris suspended in the air
Definition
tephra
Term
a rock madesolidified pyroclastic material, little peices of volanic rock suspended in volcanic ash matrix. (the little peices are lapilli)
Definition
tuff
Term
vesicles are found in what two kinds of rock
Definition
1. pumice
2. scoria
these rocks are similar in that they have little bits of gas suspended in them called _____
Term
lahar
Definition
wet pyroclastic flow primarily made of fluidized ash
Term
lahar
Definition

 

wet pyroclastic flow composed primarily of fluidized ash

Term
general term for pyroclastic materials
Definition
volcaniclastic deposits
Term
what is left from when a volcano collapses
Definition
caldera
Term
when a magma chamber underneath volcano dries up, what can occur
Definition
this causes a volcano to collapse and become a caldera
Term
caldera
Definition
an indent in the ground where a volcano collapsed when the magma chamber under it collapsed
Term
pyroclastic sheets
Definition
large areas covered by igenous rock that come from a volcano
Term
3 qualites of shield volcanos
Definition
1. low viscosity lava/magma (mafic)
2. found in hawaiian islands
3. large pyroclastic sheets
these are all qualities of ____
Term
3 qualites of cinder cones
Definition
1. cone-shaped piles of tephra
2. loose pyroclastic debris means a low angle of repose
3. scoria
these are qualities of ______
Term
strata volcanoes are also called
Definition
composite volcanos are also called
Term
2 qualites of strata/composite volcanos
Definition
1. more viscous thus more towards mafic/intermediate side of the spectrum
2. steep
Term
lava from effusive eruptions takes what shape
Definition
long bendy lava flows and lava lakes
Term
3 factors that make an eruption more explosive
Definition
1. lots of pyroclastics
2. high gas content of magma
3. a lot of water
all factors that make an eruption more ____
Term
magma with a high viscosity's effect of effusiveness of a volcanic eruption
Definition
this kind of magma/lava will lead to a less effusive, more explosive reaction
Term
a more effusive eruption would be a result of what factors
Definition
this kind of eruption would be a result of viscous, mafic lava
Term
silica's relationship with effusiveness of volcanic eruptions
Definition
this mineral increases the viscosity of magma. viscous magma reduces the effusivness of an eruption
Term
difference between large igneous provinces (LIP) and other igneous extrusions
Definition
the magma that creates the ____ comes from many long fissures (cracks) instead of a central vent
Term
massive platus of solidified rock that come from millions of years of outwelling of lava from fissures
Definition
definiton of LIP
Term
what kind of rock makes up LIP
Definition
basalt makes up this type of igneous extrusion
Term
another term for flood basalts
Definition
another term for LIP
Term
4 kinds areas with volcanic activity
Definition
1. subduction zones
2. hotspots
3. rifts and midocean ridges
4. LIP
all these are alike in the way that they all have _____
Term
these 4 areas all have volcanic activity
Definition

1. subduction zones

2. hotspots

3. rifts and ocean ridges

4. LIP all these are alike in that all have ____

Term
exhumation
Definition
when upper levels are eroded away and older, "basement rocks" are exposed and sediments are deposited on the basement rocks
Term
metamorphic texture, the way metamorphic rocks assemble themselves in a formation
Definition
foliation
Term
a set of metamorphic mineral assemblages often found together that indicate a certain combination of heat and pressure conditions
Definition
metamorphic facies
Term
oldest rocks on earth
Definition
metamorphised ingneous rocks
Term
craton
Definition
any part of the crust not affected by mountain building for at least 1 billion years
Term
two parts of craton
Definition
shield and platform
Term
sheild of a craton
Definition
metamorphic and igneous rocks exposed on the surface
Term
platform of a craton
Definition
the igneous and metamorphic rocks buried by a thin veneer of younger sedimentary rocks
Term
two kinds of mountain building events
Definition
1. plates colliding
2. volcanos
Term
accretion in the context of plates colliding
Definition
when plates collide, island arcs or volanic islands get stuck to a continent that the other plate is colliding with
Term
suspect terrans
Definition
peices of crust that get stuck to a contient during accretion
Term
only isolated mountains
Definition
volcanoes are the only example of a mountain in this predicament
Term
mountains, volcanic or otherwise tend in form the shape of ____
Definition
this geologic things likes to form in the shape of chains
Term
which kinds of mountains, those formed by plate techtonics or those formed by volcanos like to make chains
Definition
both these kinds of mountains like to make chains
Term
orogen
Definition
mountain belt
Term
orogenisis
Definition
mountain building as a result of a continent-continent convergent plate boundary
Term
stress on rocks
Definition
force on rocks
Term
strain on rocks
Definition
deformation of rocks
Term
brittle rocks are put under stress and strain
Definition
this combination of factors leads to faults of the rock
Term
ductile rocks are put under stress and strain
Definition
this combination of factors leads to folding
Term
4 factors that effect the way mountains are built
Definition
1. pressure
2. heat
3. composition of rocks
4. rate of mountain building
Term
super secret code word
Definition
unpronounceable
Term
antiform
Definition
"A" shaped fold
Term
synform
Definition
"U" shaped fold
Term
anticline
Definition
fold where oldest rocks are in the core
Term
syncline
Definition
fold where youngest rocks are in the core
Term
image of monocline
Definition
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1517&bih=714&tbm=isch&tbnid=b3qHo5w1jdj4NM:&imgrefurl=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10l.html&docid=7rZ3cq6d0jbkbM&imgurl=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/monocline.gif&w=475&h=261&ei=0iLFUJSPD_S80QGHo4GYDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=1171&vpy=102&dur=529&hovh=165&hovw=303&tx=151&ty=59&sig=114709385286273616729&page=1&tbnh=144&tbnw=262&start=0&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0,i:104
Term
two causes of monocline
Definition
1.sill
2. fault
Term
active margin
Definition
border between converging ocean-continent plates on the ocean plate side
Term
passive margin
Definition
border between converging ocean-continent plates on the continent side
Term
fold-thrust belt
Definition
uplift that creates mountains over time as a result of convergent plates
Term
4 settings for mountain buildings
Definition
1. subduction 2. collision 3. extensional 4. divergent
Term
exotic terranes
Definition
islands that get accretion-ed to a continent
Term
convergent plate boundaries would create mountains in these two ways
Definition
1. fold-thrust belt
2. volcanoes from subducted plate
Term
mountain ranges created from collision faults have these two qualities
Definition
1. huge
2. lots of metamorphic rock
Term
fold-thrust belts come from two kinds of plate boundaries
Definition
1. subduction
2. collision
Term
creation of appalachains
Definition
they come from a thrust-fold activity from collision of indain and asain plates
Term
doubly-plunging anticline makes what shape
Definition
dome
Term
4 factors that effect the deformation of rock formation like faulting or folding
Definition
1. heat
2. pressure
3. composition of rocks
4. rate of strain
Term
extensional-rifting areas have a lot of what kind of fault
Definition
lots of normal faults
Term
of unit of the extensional-rifting system
Definition
fault block
Term
uniformitarism works best in what time frame
Definition
last 500 Ma
Term
uniformatarianism
Definition
assuming that the same natural conditions and process that occur now happened in the past
Term
principle of cross-cutting relationships
Definition
ingenous intrusions or faults came after the rocks they affected
Term
what does it mean when there is more displacement at the bottom of a fault than at points above it
Definition
the fault moved more than once, and between movements, deposition occured
Term
if a rock has inclusions of another rock, which of the two elements is younger
Definition
inclusion itself is older than the rock around it
Term
three eons from oldest to newest
Definition
1. archean
2. proterozioc "first life"
3. phanerozioc "visible life"
Term
beginning of oldest eon
Definition
4.6 ga
Term
beginning of pherozioc era
Definition
543 ma
Term
where are the three eras located?
Definition
phanerozioc eon
Term
what are the three eras in order of oldest to newest?
Definition
1. paleozioc "ancient life"
2. mezozoic "middle life"
3. cenozoic
Term
what kind of animal dominated the mezozoic era
Definition
dinosaurs
Term
thrust fault
Definition
a reverse fault that has an angle of less than 30 degrees and occurs over a large area
Term
what kind of aniamls dominated the cenozoic era
Definition
mammals
Term
guyot
Definition
isolated underwater volcanic mountain with a flot top
Term
seamount
Definition
extinct sheild volano makes an island sorrounded by coral reefs
Term
chemostraitigraphy
Definition
study of chemical markers in strata, certain chemical conditions relate to certain time periods much like magneostratigraphy
Term
stratigraphy
Definition
putting things in order
Term
lithostratigrahpy
Definition
putting rocks in order
Term
biostratigraphy
Definition
putting rock layers in order using fossils
Term
stratigrapgy is used for correlation between what
Definition
stratigarphy is used to find correlation between different areas that had the same enviornment
Term
radiometric dating
Definition
a form of absolute dating that uses isotopes
Term
radiometric dating compares what and what
Definition
radiometric dating compares parent and daughter material. the parent is the radioactive isotope, and the daughter is the isotope it decays into
Term
what is special about K-Ar radiometric dating
Definition
Ar, the daughter material, is a gas and may escape from the rock
Term
carbon's half life
Definition
5730 years
Term
what is the oldest possible rock carbon dating can date
Definition
40 Ka
Term
sclerochronology
Definition
dating technique that analyzes growth rings in hard tissues of invertebrates
Term
dendochronology
Definition
dating by counting tree rings
Term
which is more complex, sclerochronology or dendochronology
Definition
sclerochronology is more complex because invertbrate's growth pattern is more complex than trees'
Term
magneostratigraphy goes back to when
Definition
magneostratigraphy is usefull back to the cretacous era
Term
magneostratigraphy
Definition
the pattern of reversals of the earth's magnetic field isn't regular, but seeing what the magnetic polarity when something was deposited can help date it
Term
6 chronostatigraphic units from biggest-smallest
Definition
1. eonothem
2. erathem
3. system
4. series
5. stage
6. chronozones
Term
6 geochronologic units (measure of time)
Definition
1. eon
2. era
3. period
4. epoch
5. age
6. chron
Term
geochronologic units measure what?
Definition
geochronologic units measure time
Term
chronostratigraphic units are relative or absolute
Definition
chronostratigraphic units are relative
Term
eonothem correlates to what time unit?
Definition
eon
Term
era correlates to what rock unit?
Definition
erathem
Term
period correlates to what rock unit
Definition
system
Term
epoch correlates to what rock unit?
Definition
series
Term
stage correlates to what time unit?
Definition
age
Term
chronozone correlates to what time unit?
Definition
chron
Term
in what era did pangea split?
Definition
late cretacous
Term
unconformities mean what in terms of the chronology of the rock record
Definition
unconformities mean missing time from the rock record as a result of erosion
Term
extensional or rifting mountain formation is the result of what action
Definition
crustal thinning
Term
why is there often volcanism in range and basin regions
Definition
range and basin systems are a result of crustal thinning, increasing the likelihood of volcanic activity
Term
range in the basin and range system
Definition
range is the mountain in the basin and range system
Term
basin in the basin and range system
Definition
basins are the indents in between ranges
Term
what kind of faults are present in a formation that will become a basin and range system
Definition
incipient faults
Term
lithospheric plates
Definition
the plates that go through plate techtonics
Term
apparent polar wander 
Definition
polar north and south appear to move when looked at from a continent's perspective, this movement is helpful to track a continent's movement and history
Term
paleomagnitism 
Definition
the study of the affect of earth's magnetic field on rocks 
Term
alfred wagner
Definition
he proposed pangea, but plate tectonic thoery didn't exist and he had no way to explain the movement
Term
which mountain building process creates the biggest mountains?
Definition
collision faults
Term
chronostratigraphy
Definition
the study of rock layers in relation to time
Supporting users have an ad free experience!