Term
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Definition
| communities of organisms functioning together in an interdependent relationship with the environment they occupy. |
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Term
An ecosystem is a closed system.
T/F |
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Definition
| FALSE. An ecosystem is an open system, meaning that animals and plants can roam into other ecosystems. |
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Term
| What makes up an ecosystem? (two things) |
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Definition
| the biological community and its physical environment |
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Term
| There are 4 parts that make up an ecosystem, name them. |
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Definition
| Abiotic, Autotrophs, Heterotrophs, and Decomposers |
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Term
| What is the abiotic part that makes up an ecosystem? |
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Definition
| abiotic is the physical environment in an ecosystem. EX: water, atmosphere, etc. |
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Term
| What are the autotrophs in an ecosystem? |
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Definition
| the autotrophs are the self-feeders (the plants) |
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Term
| What are the heterotrophs in the ecosystem? |
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Definition
| Heterotrophs comprise of the herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores. |
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Term
| What is the decomposer's job in the ecosystem? |
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Definition
| The decomposer cycles the nutrients back in the system. EX: mushrooms |
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Term
| Energy Flow has two laws. The first one is ______ and the second one is________. |
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Definition
1. Energy can't be created nor destroyed, just passed from one substance to another.
2. Whenever energy is transformed from one state to another, some energy is lost (to heat, respiration, etc.) |
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Term
| What is the trophic structure? |
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Definition
| the pattern of feeding in an ecosystem |
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Term
| The food chain is comprised of at least ____ steps, but can be more complex or more simple. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between the food chain and the food web? |
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Definition
| The food web just has more variation |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of energy stored within a system |
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Term
| Biomass ____ as you move up with each successive trophic level |
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Definition
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Term
| What is primary productivity? |
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Definition
| it is the solar energy available to plant material |
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Term
| Slightly more than 2/3 of primary productivity is from ______ ecosystems. |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary productivity makes up less than ____% of available sunlight |
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Definition
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Term
| What is secondary productivity? |
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Definition
| the conversion of plant materials to animal substance (from autotrophs to heterotrophs) |
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Term
| How do you find the total ecological efficiency? |
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Definition
| Add the primary productivity PLUS secondary productivity and AVERAGE them together. |
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Term
| Plant communities are determined by _____. |
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Definition
| different environmental factors (EX: light, moisture, nutrients, etc.) |
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Term
| What is the difference between natural vegetation and non-natural vegetation? |
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Definition
| Natural vegetation hasn't been directly impacted by humans, where as non-natural vegetation is agricultural products |
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Term
| a ____ is the combination of role and habitat for a particular species. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a generalist and a specialist? |
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Definition
| A generalist is very adaptable to their environment, whereas a specialist can only live in certain environments (EX: generalist: dog. specialist: koala.) |
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Term
| What is succession and who was it developed by? |
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Definition
| Succession is the developmental process of forming different plant communities. Developed by Whitaker |
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Term
| What does primary succession begin with? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first community to develop over the bare substrate and alter the terrain is called a _____ community. |
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Definition
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Term
| How long should it take in an abandoned field for it to be turned into a plant community? What is the order they grow in? |
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Definition
| 150-200 years. Grasses -> shrubs -> pine trees -> brush -> pine -> oaks, hickory. |
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Term
| What is a climax community? |
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Definition
| the final step in the succession of plant communities that occupy a specific location. It has reached a state of equilibrium or stability with the environment |
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Term
| A ____ is different parts of the landscape such as the early stages, middle, and climax stages. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ___ plant si the dominant plant community in a mosaic. |
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Definition
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Term
| Patches and corridors don't follow the regular successional trend. T/F |
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Definition
| TRUE. They are the set-up for the transport of energy in an ecosystem. |
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Term
| Minerals are combined to each other by ____ bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the area called where two ecosystms meet? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are three types of rock: ___, ____, and _______. |
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Definition
| Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic |
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Term
| ____ rocks are made of magma and lava. |
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Definition
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Term
| When lava cools beneath earth's surface it is called ___ igneous. |
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Definition
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Term
| Intrusive igneous is also called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| When lava cools above earth's surface it is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Extrusive igneous is made up of __ crystals, as opposed to intrusive igneous, which is made up of ___ crystals. |
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Definition
extrusive igneous = fine crystals
intrusive igneous = coarse crystals |
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Term
| Igneous rocks are either felsic (high in ___ and ____), or mafic (high in ___ and ___). |
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Definition
Felsic = aluminum and silica
Mafic = magnesium and iron |
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Term
| _____ are sedimentary rocks composed of fragments from pre-existing rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ sedimentary rocks form from the remains of organisms, both plant and animal. EX: coal, limestone |
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Definition
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Term
| When a chemical saturates an area and precipitates down to form a layer of that chemical. This is the definition of what type of sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that form under extreme heat and pressure. |
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Term
| ___ are minerals segregated in wavy bands, or platy surfaces. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A dynamic natural body capable of supporting a vegetative cover. |
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Term
There are 4 components of soil:
inorganic material, soil water, ____ ___, and organic matter |
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Definition
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Term
| Insoluble materials can decompose. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of incoming water enterting Earth and pulling down the clay/sand. |
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Definition
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Term
| the deposition of all the clay/sand particles at lower soil horizons |
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Definition
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Term
| As much as ___% of soil may consist of spaces between soil particles and clumps. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the decayed remains of plant and animal material |
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Term
| The readily testable properties of soil are: color, texture, ____, and acidity/alkalinity |
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Definition
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Term
| If soil is red or yellow in color that means there is more ___ in the soil, and if it's black that means the soil is ____. |
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Definition
red or yellow dirt = more iron
black dirt = it's decomposed |
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Term
| Texture is based on ____ size |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the % of sand, silt, and clay |
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Term
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Definition
| a bunch of minerals that join together and then decompose in a clump |
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Term
| Soil acidity helps determine available ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants grow in the 4-10 pH range |
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Definition
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Term
| Soil horizons (O,A,E,B,C,R) |
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Definition
| O = organic material. where everything decomposes. A = top soil, nutrient rich. E = eluviation. B = illuviation. C = transition. R = regolith (soft bedrock that's slowly being broken up) |
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Term
| Factors affecting soil formation (ClORPT) |
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Definition
CLimate = temp and precip. are important!
Organic matter
Relief = is both the slope and aspect (the way the slope is facing)
Parent material
Time |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how landforms and landscapes develop |
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Term
| Endogenic processes ____ in surface relief, and exogenic processes ____ relief. |
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Definition
Endogenic = increase EX: a new mountain is formed.
Exogenic = decrease EX: weathering |
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Term
| Degradation is an ___ process. |
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Definition
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Term
| Aggradation is an _____ process. |
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Definition
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Term
| Landscapes are always searching for ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cooler and more viscous (slow to move). Erupt explosively. |
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Term
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Definition
hotter and flow more readily.
(typical in Hawaii) |
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Term
| in lava flows, what kind of lava is the most common? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ___ volcanoes are dome shaped and gently slope, but impressive in size. Not very explosive. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ cones are the smallest type of volcano, have a rhylite composition, steep straight sides, and a pyroclastic eruption |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ cones are also called stratovolcanoes because of their layering. They have pyroclastic flows and concave slopes that are gentle near the base and steep near the top |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ domes have viscous silica-rich magma that is pushed into a vent. Is dome shaped and jagged. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a massive depression resulting from a massive eruption |
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Term
| ____ are the smallest intrusions whereas ____ are the largest. |
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Definition
| Stocks are the smallest, Batholiths are the largest. |
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Term
| ___ cracks that are filled in with lava are called dikes. ____ cracks are called sills. |
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Definition
Vertical = dikes
Horizontal = sills (like a window sill) |
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Term
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Definition
| the pushing together of rocks toward each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the pulling apart of rocks |
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Term
| ___ is the sliding of rocks in opposite directions. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Where rock folds back over itself without breaking |
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Term
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Definition
| the direction the fault is running |
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular to the strike. tells you how far the rock got pulled down. |
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Term
| Richter scale ends at ___, the Intensity scale ends at ___. |
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Definition
Richter = 9
Intensity = 12 |
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Term
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Definition
| caused indirectly by an earthquake |
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Term
| Name some geomorphic agents |
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Definition
| the wind, humans, animals, rivers |
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Term
| There are two kinds of weathering: chemical and _____ (also called mechanical) |
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Definition
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Term
| In physical weathering you change the chemical composition. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| Physical weathering occurs primarily around ___ and ___. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when rocks begin to expand because they no longer have pressure on top of them. EX: enchanted rock is an exfoliation dome. |
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Term
| Mountain goats contribute to biological weathering. |
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Definition
| that's pretty much all you need to know. |
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Term
| There are several forms of chemical weathering: oxidation, carbonation & solution |
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Definition
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Term
| The rock affected the most by water weathering is ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical weathering prepares rock for erosion and transportation in three ways: |
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Definition
1. Softens the minerals
2. increases the volume
3. Dissolvable |
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Term
| Steep slopes require strong friction. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| The angle at which gravity and friction are at equilibrium. (It's 30-35 degrees for sand) |
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Definition
| What is the angle of repose. |
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Term
| Mass wasting is categorized by ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is an important factor in mass wasting. |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of slow mass wasting |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of fast mass wasting |
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Definition
| Rockwall, avalanche, slump, landslide, and debris flow (mud flow) |
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Term
| The core of the Earth forms ___ of the Earth's mass |
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Definition
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Term
| the outer core is ___ and the inner core is ____. |
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Definition
outer = liquid
inner = solid |
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Term
| The density is 10 g/cm3 at the earth's center. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| the Earth's ____ is 2/3 of Earth's mass. |
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Definition
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Term
| the average thickness of the earth's crust |
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Definition
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Term
| Oceanic crust is composed of ____ rocks. |
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Definition
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Term
| Continental crust is _____. |
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Definition
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