Term
| 4 characteristics of Africa's physical geography |
|
Definition
1. Bisected by equator
-climates are mirror image of one another
2. No major mountain ranges
3. Abrupt escarpment (great change in elevation) near coast
4. Few good natural harbors |
|
|
Term
| physical geography of Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
Definition
-Plateau Continent
-extensive uplift
-Great Escarpment
-Rift Valley zone
-Volcanic mtns
-River systems |
|
|
Term
| role of ITCZ in Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
Definition
| location of ITCZ determines rainy seasons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conversion of previously arable land to desert-like conditions
caused by:
-prolonged drought
-overgrazing
-colonial influence on agriculture (transition from subsistence to export-based agriculture)
ex: Sahel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
issues:
-increased runoff
-soil erosion
-biofuel shortage
-wildlife habitat disruption
ex: Madagascar |
|
|
Term
| physiological population density |
|
Definition
| how many people can an area hold based on resources, climate, etc |
|
|
Term
| HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
Definition
-highest rates of infection in world
-declining life expectancy
-attempt to make treatments available/affordable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1884
European colonial powers divided up African territories |
|
|
Term
| Structural Adjustment Policies |
|
Definition
crippled Sub-Saharan Africa
tied to neoliberal economic theory, implemented by IMF & World Bank |
|
|
Term
| causes of African poverty |
|
Definition
colonialism
failed development policies
-debt
-structural adjustment programs
lack of infrastructure
food policies
corruption |
|
|
Term
| key elements of Structural Adjustment Policies |
|
Definition
-reschedule foreign debt payments
-decrease state spending
-increase exports
-privatize economy |
|
|
Term
| common characteristics of Southwest Asia/North African region |
|
Definition
-religion: Islamic World
-language/culture: Arab World
-climate: Dry World
-economy: Oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interplay of water resources and politics
Aswan High Dam
Peace Corridor
Tekeze Dam project |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
starts in humid environment, flows through desert environment
ex: Nile |
|
|
Term
| major religions in North Africa/Southwest Asia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. repeated expressions of the basic creed
2. daily prayer
3. Ramadan: month of daytime fasting
4. giving of alms
5. at least one religious pilgrimage to Mecca |
|
|
Term
| roots of Arab-Israeli conflict from Arab perspective |
|
Definition
| -Israelis occupied their land |
|
|
Term
| roots of Arab-Israeli conflict from Israeli perspective |
|
Definition
-Bible specified Promised Land
-Arab aggression
-Palestinian terrorist attacks |
|
|
Term
| European landform regions |
|
Definition
lowlands
Alps
Central Uplands
Western Highlands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glaciated valley flooded by seawater |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mild/moderate
-North Atlantic Drift
-Icelandic Low Pressure (SPLP)
-Azores High Pressure (STHP)
-Siberian High Pressure (PHP) |
|
|
Term
| environmental issues in Europe |
|
Definition
-pollution crosses boundaries
-European Union manages issues
-windfarms
-landscape restoration |
|
|
Term
| reasons for decline of Total Fertility Rates in Europe |
|
Definition
-higher availability of birth control
-more women in workforce
-uncertainty about future
-declined socioeconomic conditions
-housing shortages/crowded living spaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-legal & illegal; Schengen Agreement
-Canary Islands: popular place for initial immigration
-most migrants from North Africa & Southwest Asia |
|
|
Term
| religious diversity in Europe |
|
Definition
-tensions between Catholics & Protestants
-commonly in Ireland
-many Europeans are now nonreligious/agnostic/atheist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-complex diversity of language, religion, & culture
-'Balkanization'
-Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, Macedonia, Albania |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ancient megacontinent including Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australia, Madagascar, & Saudi Arabia, later split apart by plate tectonics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals are taken to high-altitude pastures during summer months & returned to low-altitude pastures during winter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vectors for parasites that cause sleep-sickness, affecting humans and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of former colony's gaining/regaining independence over its territory & establishing/reestablishing an independent government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state where corruption is so institutionalized that politicians and bureaucrats siphon off a large percentage of a country's wealth for personal gain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the policy of racial separateness that directed separate residential & work spaces for whites, blacks, coloreds, and Indians in South Africa.
abolished in 1994 under power of African National Congress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nominally independent ethnic territories created for blacks under apartheid. usually overcrowded and poorly serviced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| racially segregated neighborhoods for nonwhites in South Africa under apartheid, located on outskirts of cities. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
religious & ethnic:
Islam v. Christianity
Arab v. British colonial
-Sudan People's Liberation Army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allegiance to a particular tribe or ethnic group rather than to the nation-state.
often blamed for internal conflict within Sub-Saharan Africa |
|
|
Term
| internally displaced persons |
|
Definition
| groups & individuals who flee an area due to conflict or famine but still remain in their country of origin. usually in same conditions as refugees, but not technically considered refugees. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area of historical cultural innovation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement within both Shiite and Sunni Muslim traditions to return to a more conservative, religion-based society & state.
associated with rejection of western culture & political aim to merge civic and religious authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
12 oil-producing nations that attempts to influence global prices and supplies of oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ecologically diverse zone of lands in Southwest Asia that extends from Lebanon eastward to Iraq; often associated with early forms of agricultural domestication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region in northwestern Africa, including portions of Morocco, Algeria, & Tunisia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water supplies that were stored underground during wetter climactic periods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collective farms in Israel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a religious belief in a single God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pivotal waterway connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean opened by the French in 1869 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Turkish-based empire that dominated large portions of southeastern Europe, North Africa, & Southwest Asia between 16th & 19th centuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-effected by continentality
-Siberian High Pressure (PHP)
-Midlatitude Steppe
-Cold Continental
-Humid Continental
-Subarctic
-Tundra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acidic soil of limited fertility, found in northern Russian forest environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coniferous forest of Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cold climate condition in which ground remains permanently frozen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| completed during Russian empire (1904) linking European Russia with Russian Far East |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central Siberian railroad completed in Soviet era (1984) parallel to Trans-Siberian railroad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, state constructed urban housing projects built during Soviet era in 1970's & '80's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russian country cottage used especially in summer |
|
|
Term
| periods in historical geography of Russia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slavic speaking Christians of southern Russian steppe. pivotal in expanding Russian influence in Siberia in 16th & 17th centuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soviet policy designed to spread Russian settlers and influences to non-Russian areas of the country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a portion of a country's territory that lies outside its contiguous land area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| term coined by Winston Churchill during Cold War defining the western border of Soviet power in Europe (Berlin Wall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soviet policy of greater political openness initiated during 1980's by Mikhail Gorbachev |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| program of partially implemented, planned economic reforms undertaken during Gorbachev years in Soviet Union designed to make economy more efficient and responsive to consumer needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of removing nuclear weapons from an area; either dismantling or moving them elsewhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eastern Orthodox Christianity |
|
Definition
| loose confederation of self-governing churches in eastern Europe & Russia, historically linked to Byzantine traditions and to primacy of the patriarch of Constantinople |
|
|
Term
| Russian demographic/health crisis |
|
Definition
-declining population
-low fertility rates
-high death rates
-decline began around time of Soviet Union collapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| influences on Russian population health |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| struggle between United States and the Soviet Union between 1946 and 1990 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| current association of 27 European countries that are joined together for economic, political, and cultural integration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
