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Geo pt 2
Geo Final
47
Geology
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2011

Additional Geology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Minerology of the Ore Deposit (2)
Definition
Sphalerite ZnS and galena
PbS
Many ores are sulphides
Term
How did the Mississippi Valley ore form?
Definition
formed deeply circulating hydro thermal fluids, becoming acidic, limestone reacted with hot acidic brines causing drop in acidity of ore minerals
Term
How does coal and coal-bed methane form?
Definition
rising sea level that covers land with water sediment
Term
Where is coal's common setting?
Definition
Swamp
Term
What mineral does coal start off as?
Definition
Peat- partially decayed plant matter
Term
Why does coal have to be rapidly burned?
Definition
So it is not oxidized and destroyed
Term
Maturation
Definition
when coal is burned and heated it increases in carbon content and loses impurities. Improve coals quality
Term
What % of the worlds coal is in the US?
Definition
27%
Term
Name the diff types of coal, their rank, and their features. (3)
Definition
Anthracite(3)-black, dense, shiny, high carbon.
Bituminous(2)-black, fairly dense, more carbon than lignite.
Lignite(1)-Brown, low density, 50% water.
Term
why is low sulfur coal considered less environmentally damaging?
Definition
cleaner burning
SO2(in acid rain)
Term
How is coal mined?
Which is better?
Definition
Open pits- Long strip of coal at a time
Underground- mine better (Anthracite and Bituminous). Can blast. More expensive.
Term
Advantages and Disadvantages of burning coal
Definition
heat homes, electricity
difficult and dangerous to mine, devestates landscapes
Term
where/ how are oil and gas form?
Definition
naturally in rock by burial and heating of organic material
Term
In what settings are oil and gas trapped?
Definition
Folded layers and salt domes
Term
La Brea Tar Pits
Definition
LA
worlds best known fossil site
found animals alive 30 000 yrs ago
Term
Reservoir Rock
Definition
rock where hydrocarbons accumulate
traps oil and gas bc it's impermiable
Term
Anticline
Definition
A shaped layers
Term
list ways petroleum can be trapped
Definition
anticline, salt dome, fault, unconformity
Term
Where are/ aren't petroleum basins in US?
Definition
Are- lower 48 states, Alaska
Not- canadian boarder states
Term
Coal-bed methane
Definition
CH4(simplest), clean burning
7-8% of US natural gas
formed by plant matter
abundant colorado
Term
Oil shale
Definition
clay rich sediments
traps organic material in small pores
Formed by algae
abundant in NE utah, canada, australia
Term
Tar sand
Definition
thick heavy oil combined with sand, clay and other sediments
formed by bacteria consumes lighter components of oil
abundant Venezuela, NE Alberta
Term
Hydrofracking
Definition
pump down high pressure fluids so gas escapes through fractures
Term
Stress
Definition
force divided by area
Term
displacement (stress)
Definition
one side pushed along
Term
Rotation (stress)
Definition
pushed from bottom
Term
Strain (stress)
Definition
pushed from both ends causing "squishing"
Term
Structural behaviour
Definition
Shallow environment - rocks are brittle and fracture
Deep enviroment - temp and pressure are higher = ductile rocks
Term
how do rocks fracture?
Definition
joints and faults are result of stress
Term
what are the 4 diff types of faults?
Definition
dip:steep, moderate, gentle
strike:water stops at meets fault
hanging wall:hanging wall is fault block.
footwall: base of fault opposite of hangingwall
Term
Normal fault
Definition
Hanging wall down
Term
Normal fault
Definition
Hanging wall down
Term
Normal fault
Definition
Hanging wall down
Term
reverse fault
Definition
hanging wall up
Term
Strike-slip fault
Definition
left lateral- stand on fault
right lateral
Term
3 shapes of folds
Definition
anticlines-A shaped
synclines-V shaped
monoclines-Sidewase S shape
Term
Dome/ basin
Definition
uplifted layers
folded down towards the center
Term
Metamorphic features
Definition
temp and pressure can cause rearranging of materials
Term
Cleavage and Foliation in metamorphic rocks
Definition
c- Structural discontinuity
f- cleavage for strongly metamorphized rocks
Term
Lineation expressed in Metamorphic rocks
Definition
a linear feature in a metamorphic rock
Term
How can fractures, folds, tilts, and shear zones similar?
Definition
all have faults
Term
How is cleavege related to folds?
Definition
close geometric relationship to folds formed during the same event
Term
Different between P-waves and S-waves
Definition
p- primary. like a sound wave that copresses the air it travels through. Fast
s- Secondary.up and down or side to side. Slow
Term
major north american earthquakes
Definition
Alaska 1964 - 9.2
San Francisco 1906 - 7.8
Mexico City - 8.0
Term
Major world earthquakes
Definition
Chile 1960 - 9.5
Term
Syncline
Definition
U or V shaped folds
Term
Monocline
Definition
sideways S shapedfolds
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