Term
postwar
In what two ways were devastated city centers reconstructed following the war? |
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Term
postwar
In what ways did post-World War II development diverge in socialist Europe from typical patterns in the West (e.g., in terms of city center development, provision of housing, the overall hierarchical structure of the urban system)? |
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Definition
postwar
Took the destruction as opportunity for Urban renewal, rebuilt with modern buildings, Stockholm- even though within Sweden which was neutral, area was decided for renewal with skyscrapers, etc; West Berlin was turned into glitzy city center with the modernist style, used Rubble Ladies: since men were sent away, left women to clear up rubble, Munich was tried to be restored as much as possible, but Warsaw was redone almost perfectly from how it used to be (made completely historic); East: different kind of renewal, under communism the land market and so did not get concentrated city center, rather neglect city center and more dispersed kind of style, a lot of east cities received sky scrapers – stalin really liked them, in east you can have sky scrapers surrounded by open spaced which would never fly in west; HOUSING: West: build houses as quickly as possible, large structures that could house large number of people for cheap, many western cities were surrounded by these large housing complexes, have somewhat of a baby boom and necessity for place to live after war, Londons green belt: edge of cities moving out, by puttinig green belts around cities so would be continuous developing sprawl, London’s original 5 mi out, no 15-20 mi out, Paris developed wedges-linear style and created zones within that, East: tremendous emphasis on industrialization, housing was taken from restored/old housing and subdividing that, squashing multiple families in small apts, eventually things got so bad, created a crash program, creating mass housing like what occurred in west 20 years ago, house as many people as possible, surge housing in East: housing towers from curtain wall around city, shows scale of necessity to house, URBAN Heirachy: West: develop elaborate urban hierarchy, great cities, second great cities etc.; whole system is fully developed which did not happen in west, known as “Blue Banana”; East: different, greatest city? Moscow, no seconday or after that, not a full robust hierarchy, just domination of certain cities, due to emphasis on industrialization |
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Definition
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Term
postwar
fire storms (e.g., Dresden, Hamburg): |
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Definition
postwar
famous for fire bombings |
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Term
postwar
historic preservation (as in Munich or Warsaw): |
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Definition
postwar
restored some in Munich, almost perfect resoration in Warsaw |
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Term
| Postwar: What happened to European cities during World War II, and how did this affect the course of development immediately after the war? |
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Definition
| Cities were attacked, destroyed, bomb, reduced to rubble, Europe is very different after WWII, as compared to after WWI, with devastated city centers and housing destroyed in enormous quantities |
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Term
postwar
urban renewal (as in Rotterdam or Stockholm): |
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Definition
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Term
postwar
Berlin as showcase of capitalist west and socialist east: |
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Definition
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Term
postwar
Warsaw’s and Bucharest’s socialist era Palaces of Culture,
green belts and new towns: |
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Definition
postwar
edge of cities moving out, by putting green belts around cities so there wouldn’t be continuous developing sprawl |
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Term
postwar
heavy industry and urban development in the East, |
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Definition
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Term
postwar
1970s-80s suburban development in the West |
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Definition
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Term
post-modern
How have cities changed most recently: what are some of the key developments that make them different from cities in the post-war era? |
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Definition
post-modern
Transformations of the city center? Tower of London, London Development agency, Docklands Greenwich, Canary Wharf Development; Historic Redevelopments? Les Halles (Stomach of Paris, Forum, retained some of the iron and glass to tie in past but create a modern venue); new divisions of space? historic buildings in Amsterdam gutted, now lofts where young wealthy people live, Gentrification, city center now for people with money; new modes of urban culture and consumption? trendy waterfront developments, hypermarkets/discount outlets, fast-food, cut-rate motel chains, regional shopping centers, garnishly promoted theme parks, consumer electronics revolution, no infrastructural development (cant attract good investment without also supplying infrastructure? trolley systems, metro system, smart cars); development of research parks; State of the air airports, millennium projects; new surburban housing; East is rapidly catching up with the west |
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Term
post-modern
Industrialization |
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Definition
post-modern
: transformation cities experienced in their employment structure ? deindustrialization, availability of low-cost production units abroad, ever-smaller proportions of urban labor force employed in traditional manufacturing jobs; employment in retail, banking, and corporate service occupations has surged, emphasis on command and control kind of managerial employment associated with large transnational firms |
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Definition
post-modern
: root of changes ? vast restructuring process that has profoundly affected urban places and systems throughout the world; term refers to great acceleration in world trade that since the 1970s has come to link inextricably activities and events occurring in regions and places around the world, incorporates a number of trends: liberalization of global financial, commodity, and labor markets through the decline of the regulatory powers of the nation-state, the emergence of great supranational or continental trading blocs, growth in number and influence of transnational corporations, rise of informational technologies capable of providing the necessary infrastructure for a truly global economy; Means that the new global economy is built around the coordination of production inputs that are drawn from an international web of suppliers |
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Term
post-modern
changing skylines |
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Definition
post-modern
: London, lifted the law on height regulation to compete with site, now have skyline with high buildings, etc., countries are racing to have the tallest business towers, driven by globalization and restructuring of economy and competition to attract |
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Term
post-modern
Gentrification |
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Definition
post-modern
: tenements were redone for new real estate, city now popular for people with money |
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Term
post-modern
Waterfront development (e.g., Docklands-Canary Wharf development in London): |
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Definition
post-modern
corporation was formed to promote office space on site, London lifted law of height regulation to compete with the site |
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Term
post-modern
Potsdamer Platz in Berlin: |
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Definition
post-modern
eliminated as an address after WWII because it was in the way of Berlin Wall, after the reunification of Germany, it has come back and it now Europe’s largest building site, only remnants of Berlin Wall left, controversy: history being destroyed with changing of landscape |
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Term
post-modern
Research parks: |
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Definition
post-modern
located near universities, brings high companies and workers in the country to enhance the city: France – Montepellier, Nice: Sophia Antipolis |
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Term
post-modern
Urban prestige projects (exhibitions, monuments, airports, etc.): |
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Definition
post-modern
Demand for state of the art airports, Millennium projects? London eye, London Millennium Dome: centerpiece for regeneration, Moscow: Statue of Columbus, was supposed to be a gift to the US, now located in the Moscow River, known as Peter the Great |
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Term
post-modern
New suburban development in the East : |
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Definition
post-modern
newly wealthy citizens of the country, now developing around eastern cities east is very rapidly catching up with the west, lagging in 20th century, gap is now closing |
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Term
| Making a living: How have European economies changed recently; and what geographic patterns of employment across the three major sectors (agriculture, manufacturing, and services) can be seen across Europe? |
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Definition
| Vast reduction in the proportion of the population earning a living from agricultural work, food production maintained/increased, manufacturing employment has also fallen in most countries and has been transformed by the introduction of automated technologies by the decline of traditional heavy industries and by rise of new electronic and high-tech consumer-oriented industries; employment has been expended tremendously in the service sector, which now accounts for the majority of jobs in nearly every European country; vast reduction in the proportion of the population earning a living from agricultural work, the considerable extension of the length of time spent preparing for a life of work, remarkable growth in individual wealth and living standards since WWII; Employment in the three major sectors is proportionately least important in the heavily urbanized and service-oriented economies of western Europe, grows as one moves out from the urbanized core of the western Europe toward the peripheries |
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Term
| What is meant by the term “deindustrialization,” what kinds of industries have been most affected? |
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Definition
| Certain traditional industries begin to lose, for a variety of reasons, their ability to produce competitively, industries find themselves unable to innovate or reorganize and typically enter a cumulative process of decline that may eventually threaten to depress the entire economy of the city or region in which they are situated, often blamed on the rise of transnational companies, which are known to have no qualms about closing inefficient plants and shifting production oversears to reduce costs, although there is evidence that that is far too simplistic an explanation; Since the 1970s deindustrialization has resulted in substantial job losses across Europe and has contributed to persistently high levels of unemployment in many of the continent’s older industrial cities and regions; impact is especially concentrated in the traditional manufacturing |
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Term
| How important is the service sector, what are its fastest growing parts and how have changes in the service sector affected European cities? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would you characterize some of the main features of today’s European labor market (e.g., work week, vacation time, flexibility, mobility, unemployment)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the European labor market sometimes viewed as relatively inflexible and incapable of generating large numbers of new jobs (Eurosclorosis)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How has the feminization of labor markets progressed, is there a geography of this? |
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Definition
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Term
economic sectors, CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) privatization,
deindustrialization,
competition from China and India, producer services,
work week, vacation time,
feminization,
35-hour work week (France),
black economy,
flexible employment,
“Eurosclorosis”,
offshoring |
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Definition
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Term
| Preparing to make a living: What are the most important trends in education and training? Is European higher education moving in the direction of the American model, if so how? What is happening to higher education in east-central Europe? Terms you should know something about: European Higher Education Area (standardization), “longer and later” |
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Definition
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Term
| Wealth and social protection (welfare): What are the largest European economies? How is wealth distributed across Europe (e.g., maps of GNP or PPP per capita)? What features (‘cradle to grave’) do we normally associate with social protection in European countries;? Where in Europe is spending on social programs greatest, least? How does health care provision in Europe compare with the U.S.? Terms you should know something about: Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), social protection |
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Definition
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Term
Consumption:
How have patterns of retail consumption changed in recent decades (e.g., media advertising, the equation of shopping with leisure, consolidation and internationalization of retailers, decline of small shops, shopping hours, periodic clearance sales, trend shopping, concept shops)? |
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Definition
| Aggressive media advertising, rapidly changing styles and fashions, new ways of retailing, shopping = leisure, takes place at new and specialized, retailing trends: consolidation? super/hypermarkets, began in the 1970s in the grocery store, companies like Tesco, Sainsburys, Intermarche took over look groceries, over time it expanded into a retail market, began in Britain and France and spread outward, ½ of all groceries in the EU are hypermarkets, internationalization: international retailing, IKEA? little farm concerned, rebuilding sticks of furniture simple design, Virgin Megastore, Technology: scanners, checkouts, cyberspace, decline of small shops: France Law ? Boulangerie, illegal for hypermarkets to use the word because it is preserved for small shops, is their identity, longer shopping hours? now open on Saturday until 8, stores open on Sunday, used to only have clearance sales twice a year, now more occurrences, concept shops/guerrilla stores: cater to public, limited edition merchandise, convergence: homogenization of tastes and buying habits, evidence that it is occurring – “Eurobrands”, notable failures? Walmart is now on retreat, |
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Term
| What specific retailing activity led the way in the introduction of hypermarkets; in what countries is the dominance of hypermarkets most advanced? |
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Definition
| Consolidation? super/hyper markets, hypermarkets most advanced in France, 80% of all groceries are hypermarkets, ½ of all groceries in the EU are hypermarkets, began in Britain and France |
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Term
| Are European consumption tastes becoming more homogenized (convergence, Eurobrands); what do patterns of food and drink consumption tell us about this? |
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Definition
| Convergence: homogenization of tastes and buying habits, evidence that it is occurring in fashion ? eurobrands, notable failures (walmart on the retreat), Mcdonalds sells different things in different countries, has tried to make restaurants look European, have lots of fast food restaurants that we have great deal of immigrant ethnic food culture in countries |
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Term
| How important is tourism in Europe’s consumption economy (size of market) and popular culture (leisure entitlement)? |
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Definition
| European right of Holiday Making, entitlement: ½ of all Europeans make at least one international trip a year, world’s biggest tourist market (ca. 60%), 1.25 trillion, 14% of GNP comes from tourism, #1 country for tourism? france, fastest rising market ? Greece, within Europe #1? spain, overall net flow? north to south |
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Term
| How have traditional patterns of mass tourism changed over the years? |
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Definition
| 19th century mass tourism? industrialization of urbanized cities, popularity of taking train down the coast, spending day or two at local beach resort, mass tourism? after WWII, based on charter flights, packaged tours, two destinations: Mediterranean beach or mountains, companies would shut down and all go to the same vacation place; in the 60’s and 80’s there was enormous development of Mediterranean beachfront property, usually catered to a particular class/country, legacy of mass tourism is in Costa Brava; Same happen in East Europe (Black Sea Resorts); Alpine Tourism: originally for the elite, suddenly became mass tourism after WWII with winter resorts; new type of tourism since the 80s, private automobile transportation, road network that can allow people to get places fast without packaged deal )autobahn, motorway), deregulation of European airlines, possible to travel cheaply within Europe to destinations besides cheap resort, no frill flights? getaway-style leisure vacations, other capital visits, Easy Jet |
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Term
| What new kinds of specialized tourist destinations characterize tourism today, and why? |
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Definition
| Specialized vacation visits? camping, biking, visiting national parks, golfing, sporting activities, etc. Most popular exotic getaway: Center Parcs Normandie, specialized getaways, by the week, for a short weekend, getaways of three nights, huge resort with different types of residences, also have a Disneyland resort and a rival park: Parc Asterix, theme parks are also big with European themes, also now big are old seaside resorts? Blackpool (England), old 19 century resorts are being refurbished and becoming popular, pubs bring in young British |
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Term
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Definition
| began in the 1970s grocery story, companies like tesco, sainsburys, intermarche took over local groceries, expanded them into retail market, began in Britain and France and spread outward, 80% of all groceries in France are hypermarkets, ½ of all groceries in the EU are hypermarkets |
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Term
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Definition
| : homogenization of tastes and buying habits (fashion, fast food, sometimes beer) |
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Term
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Definition
| food product that is produced locally in a traditional manner using local materials and local expertise, tying good production to place, tradition, material inputs and specialized labor skills, example: Parmasan cheese from Parma, Italy, no one else can claim they are making this type, a way to overcome convergence |
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Term
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Definition
| beer is a good example, connected to a particular country or region, Guinness is produced in Ireland with official techniques but can be consumed worldwide, popular cliché to think that beer in Germany comes out of the kitchen faucet, no so, beer market in Germany is drying out, beer consumption has dropped, continues to fall year by year, 1300 breweries closing at the rate of 50-100 per year, it is due to the demographics of population? older population is not drinking as much, younger population doesn’t prefer it, fighting back: new products that you wouldn’t expect, alcohol consumption overall is fairly high in Europe? highest in central and western Europe, Russia, |
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Definition
| with the new retail market, longer shopping hours are now in place, stores are now open on Saturday shopping until 8, stores open on Sunday |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as concept shops, cater to public, limited edition merchandise, only stay open for a limited time, use internet to buzz ahead of time, people come out of nowhere and buy everything in store, will open another store after buzz of internet is longer |
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Term
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Definition
| getaway-style leisure vacations, other capital visits, Easy Jet, possible to travel cheaply within Europe to destination |
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Term
| traditional mass tourism: |
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Definition
| After WWII mass tourism was based on charter flights, packaged tours, two destinations: Mediterranean beach or mountains, companies would shut down, all go to same vacation place, Mediterranean beachfront property, |
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Term
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Definition
| new type since the 80s, no longer popular to go on packaged tours, greater mobility, private automobile transportation, road network that can allow people to get places faster without the packaged deal, autobahn motorway, deregulation of European airlines: possible to travel cheaply, leisure time: heritage city visits, specialize vacation venues, |
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Term
| “get away-short break” tourism: |
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Definition
| Specialized getaways, huge resort with different types of “residence” |
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Term
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Definition
| short break tourism, cities are promoting themselves as exciting places to visit places where people can go for uniquely rewarding experiences in shopping, eating, entertainment, cultural appreciation, and sightseeing, high potential for conferring simultaneous financial benefit on business, retailing, entertainment, and civic interests, tourism has thus become a major instrument of urban regeneration policies, promotion of heritage in the form of historic architecture and associations with historical events, personalities, and artifacts |
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Term
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Definition
| : widespread involvement in rural tourism of governmental planning to protect the attractions of the local landscape, emphasis on avoiding rapid and haphazard development by concentrating on high-end specialty tourism rather than on the mass tourism market and by taking steeps to ensure that tourist services and facilities reflect rather than contradict local traditions in architecture, landscape, and economy |
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Term
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Definition
; legoland in germany, themes are European, Stalin World, Disneyland and Parc Asterix; Disneyland didn’t have wine but had French cuisine at first, now have it figured out, begun to diversify amusements away from traditional toward European (meet local tastes), Rival park of Parc Asterix, exemplifies European taste and interest
(e.g., Blackpool, Brighton, Scheveningen). |
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