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geo lab final
geo lab final...
111
Geology
Not Applicable
04/25/2007

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Term
the 8 main planets in our solar system are composed of ____,____, and _______ ______ in different proportions
Definition
gaseous, liquid and solid materials
Term
the earth is one of the 4 terrestrial planets which consists of...
Definition
mostly of solid rock
Term
__________are the building blocks of rocks
Definition
minerals
(Some rocks contain only one kind of mineral, whereas most rocks contain several different mineral types.)
Term
minerals
Definition
naturally ocuring solids
Term
how many different minerals?
Definition
3700
Term
6 main minerals that make up the earth
Definition
quartz, feldspar, olivine, spinel, perovskite, and native iron.
Term
As a result of its ________ ________ and _____ ______ each type of mineral has a characteristic set of physical properties:
Definition
definite chemical composition and regular structure,
Term
The terrestrial planets are all density stratified
Definition
they are composed of concentric layers of materials with different densities
Term
the study of the mantle and core are mostly known through...
Definition
studying the way earthquake (seismic) waves travel through them.
Term
what 5 elements dominate most of the earth?
Definition
iron 35%, oxygen 30%, silicon 15%, magnesium 13%, and aluminum 3%
Term
Earth composition closely matches the composition of
Definition
meteorites-leftover bits and pieces from the planet forming process.
Term
The crust and upper-most mantle are the _________parts of Earth’s interior and together form a single strong, locally rigid layer named the ______________.
Definition
coldest, lithosphere
Term
The region of the mantle beneath the lithosphere, to a depth of 350 km is called the_________.
Definition
asthenosphere
Term
though a _____, the asthenosphere behaves like a ______at geologic time scales.
Definition
solid, liquid
Term
The lower mantle region between the base of the asthenosphere and the top of the core is called the_____
Definition
mesosphere
Term
the earth is _______km in diameter
Definition
6371
Term
The study of how materials deform is called
Definition
rheology
Term
3 main areas of earth science
Definition
meteorology, oceanography, and geology
Term
meteorology is the study of the...
Definition
gaseous atmosphere
Term
oceanography is the study of...
Definition
liquid oceans
Term
geology is the study of the
Definition
solid earth
Term
Gases readily change both _____and ______
Definition
volume and shape
Term
rock within ________Earth’s surface actually behaves in ways we would normally call “solid” over the long term.
Definition
20km
Term
what is the telling feature of rocks and minerals
Definition
the concentration of mass or mass per unit volume (density).
Term
stress
Definition
force concentration (units of force per unit area)
Term
strain
Definition
deformation concentration
Term
what 2 forms does strain occur in?
Definition
compression/dialation- change in length
shear- change in shape
Term
compression/dilation is measured in...
Definition
terms of the ratio of the change in length of a sample divided by its original length.
Term
shear is measured in...
Definition
terms of the change in angle between originally perpendicular lines in the material.
Term
strain rate
Definition
the measure of how rapidly strain occurs
Term
deformation of rock depends on...(3)
Definition
local pressure, temperature, and strain rate condidtions
Term
elastic deformation
Definition
The atoms that make up the rock are forced closer or farther apart than normal, but the chemical bonds remain intact. This is the mechanism by which energy is stored in rock and released during earthquakes
Term
elastic limit
Definition
the point at which elastic deformation is no longer recoverable
Term
brittle deformation
Definition
Cool rock strained at high strain rates tends to fracture. chemical bonds between the atoms in the rock are permanently broken along discrete fracture surfaces.(faulting)
Term
ductile deformation
Definition
At high temperatures and low strain rates. As the chemical bonds break and the atoms slide past each other, new bonds form between newly adjacent atoms. Permanent deformation of a solid that leaves the material intact.
Term
Relatively little was known about how rock deforms under geologic conditions until...
Definition
60's and 70's
Term
plate tectonics
Definition
the surface of Earth is divided into a number of separate segments or plates that move relative to one another, more or less without changing shape.
Term
what are the 3 tyoes of plate boundaries?
Definition
divergent-move apart
convergent-collide
transform-slide
Term
coriolis effect
Definition
rotation of Earth about its axis
Term
what makes plate tectonics possible?
Definition
the ductile strength, particularly of the asthenosphere, is vanishingly small compared to the brittle strength.
Term
what could drive the plates to move?
Definition
body force- which are forces distributed over the volume of a body, rather than applied at a point on the surface of the body
edge force- They could also be driven (or slowed) by forces applied along the plate boundaries or
Term
Weight, magnetic attraction, and electrostatic attraction are all examples of_________
Definition
body forces
Term
. A prime suspect for a plate-driving body force is ____________ Like weight it is a gravitational force. It causes relatively low density materials to rise through high density fluids and high density materials to sink through low density fluids.
Definition
buoyancy
Term
oceanic __________ is denser than the underlying_____________.
Definition
lithosphere; athenosphere
Term
we discovered that rock can exhibit __________properties under geologic conditions.
Definition
mechanical
Term
in the _________, where the rocks are relatively cool and under low confining pressure, _______ and ___________deformation dominate.
Definition
upper crust; elastic; brittle
Term
Rock in the upper crust tends to deform......
Definition
elastically. to the limit
Term
fault
Definition
fracture surfaces in rock, across which there has been displacement.
Term
fault blocks
Definition
The rock masses to either side of the fault surface are called
Term
It is the interplay between ___________ __________ and ___________ ________ along faults that produces earthquakes.
Definition
elastic deformation; frictional slip
Term
. The driving force of faulting in the Gulf coast is.......
Definition
gravity
Term
Depending on the properties of the rock, the release of stored elastic energy during fault motion can be violent producing...
Definition
earthquakes
Term
The faults that produce earthquakes are in hard rocks that can store lots of elastic energy before failure. This style of fault motion is called.....
Definition
stick-slip motion
Term
fault creep
Definition
Faults in soft rock fail before significant amounts of elastic energy can be stored.
Term
Intervals along which a fault exhibits the same behavior are called __________of the fault
Definition
segments
Term
structural geology
Definition
The sub-discipline of geology that deals with faults and other forms of crustal deformation i
Term
Locally, faults can be thought of as _________surfaces.
Definition
planar
Term
The _________ of the plane is the angle a horizontal line on the plane makes with north.
Definition
strike
Term
The angle the fault surface makes with a horizontal line perpendicular to the strike direction is called the fault's...
Definition
dip
Term
For faults with dips other than 90º (vertical), the adjacent fault blocks are named according to their position relative to the fault surface. 2 kinds
Definition
foot-wall block-the block the lies beneath the fault surface
hanging-wall block-the block that lies on top of the fault surface.
Term
__________faults have motion only in the vertical plane, parallel to the dip direction. relative motion of the hanging-wall and foot-wall blocks
Definition
dip slip
Term
_________ faults, the hanging-wall block slides down relative to the foot-wall block.
Definition
normal
Term
. In ____________faulting, the relative motion of the fault blocks is horizontal. they are further divided into _____________ and left-lateral _________ faults,
Definition
strike slip: right lateral; left lateral
Term
seismic waves
Definition
involve the periodic or cyclic conversion of energy from one form to another and back again.
Term
radio waves are an example of __________waves
Definition
electromagnetic
Term
involve the conversion of energy in an electrical field to energy in a magnetic field and back again as the waves travel.
Definition
electromagnetic waves
Term
called gravity waves
Definition
water waves
Term
seismic waves are on example of________waves
Definition
elastic
Term
wave propagation
Definition
the process by which elastic energy stored in the rocks next to the fault travels to surrounding areas during an earthquake.
Term
period
Definition
The length of time between successive maximum or minimum displacements
Term
The distance between particle positions at the maximum and minimum displacement positions
Definition
amplitude
Term
distance between maximum or minimum displacement points along the wave path
Definition
wave length
Term
what are the 2 main types of waves that travel through elastic solids?
Definition
body waves-travel through the interior of the elastic bodies
surface waves- travel along the surface
Term
2 divisions of body waves
Definition
compressional waves- alternating compressing and dilating the rock
shear waves- shearing the rock side to side

COMPRESSIONAL=FASTER
Term
earthquakes are studied by
Definition
seismograms
Term
seismograms
Definition
recording of ground motion as earthquake waves pass different points on the earths surface
Term
systematic study of earthquakes
Definition
seismology
Term
why was the development of seismology delayed?
Definition
because we cant see seismic waves with the naked eye...unless at the epicenter
Term
who invented devices that could detect an earthquake?
Definition
Chinese
Term
who invented seismographs?
Definition
Filippo Cecchi and John Milne
Term
motion detecting device in early seismographs
Definition
seismometer
Term
Analysis of P- and S-wave travel times from many earthquakes led to the development of ____________that predicted wave _______ _________versus distance.
Definition
travel time curves; arrival times
Term
by what year were the base of the crust, the core, and the inner core discovered
Definition
1936
Term
magnitude
Definition
relative size of earthquakes
Term
Charles Richter
Definition
developed the first quantitative scale of earthquake size in the late 1930’s.
Term
what were the limitations of the early mechanical seismographs?
Definition
they could not amplify the ground motion enough to see seismic waves at any great distance from the epicenter.
Term
travel time curves
Definition
predict wave arrival time
Term
What makes earthquakes dangerous, and of so much interest to society?
Definition
the effect they have on manmade structures.
Term
4 factors that contribute to the survivability of structures.....
Definition
(1) the local geology of the building site,
(2) materials used in construction,
(3) the size and shape of the building, and
(4) the design of the building’s internal structure, (most important)
Term
liquefaction
Definition
when material like silt anc clay flow like liquid
Term
reinforced masonry
Definition
materials such as brick, stone, and concrete block, fail at much lower levels of shaking than either wood-frame or steel construction.
Term
inverted pendulum
Definition
consists of a mass on a rod. The length and stiffness of the rod control its period.
Term
resonance frequency
Definition
the sway period of a pendulum
Term
floor and column building construction
Definition
each floor is supported by four or more vertical columns, which stand on the foundation or the floor below. (little material-little cost)
Term
trusses
Definition
triangular framing
Term
Tsunamis are normally started by the ____________displacements of the seafloor by ______________
Definition
vertical, fault motion
Term
magma
Definition
molten rock below earh's surface
Term
ignis
Definition
latin for fire
Term
rocks formed from lava
Definition
igneous rocks
Term
2 igneous rock subclasses
Definition
intrusive- formed by slow cooling magma
estrusive- rapid cooling (aka volcanic rocks)
Term
the composition of rocks refers to\...
Definition
chemicals or minerals in the rock and their relative abundance.
Term
the most common rocks on earth contain significant amounts of ________ and _________
Definition
oxygen; silicon (quartz)
Term
salic
Definition
rocks with high silicon and oxygen content
(low densities)
Term
mafic
Definition
relatively low si and o content (high densities)
Term
most salic rock types
Definition
granite and rhyolite
Term
most mafic rock types
Definition
gabbro and basalt
Term
obsidian
Definition
glassy volcanic material
Term
kind of volcanic glass that has so many small bubble holes that the rock is less dense than water.
Definition
pumis
Term
gas bubbles in molten rock
Definition
scoria
Term
Welded mixtures of particles of different sizes are called.......
Definition
pyroclastic breccias.
Term
solid ash forms of rock
Definition
tuff
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