Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
oceanic plate goes down
continental/crust plate converge or split |
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Term
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Definition
Large chunks of lithosphere
7 major and 7 minor
Pacific Plate (most active) forms boundary between west coast and North American Plate |
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Term
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Definition
1912: Alfred Wegener
Lithospheric Plates move on the Asthenosphere |
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Term
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Definition
All earth
225 million years ago
Laurasia and Godwana (two islands) |
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Term
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Definition
Plates are moving apart
Occurs in ocean basins
Mantle convection, magma comes to surface, cools and forms new crust.
Creates oceanic ridges (mid-atlantic ridge) |
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Term
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Definition
Plates are coming together
Subduction zones - more dense subducts under less dense
Metamorphic rock form |
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Term
| Oceanic/Continental Boundary (converge) |
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Definition
melting crust forms volcanoes
rocky mts/andes mts |
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Term
| Oceanic/Oceanic Boundary (converge) |
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Definition
form trenches
island arcs
- aleutian islands. Marianas trench - deepest part of ocean |
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Term
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Definition
collision forms mountains
alps/himalayas |
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Term
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Definition
plates slide laterally past each other
sliding produces friction
earthquakes
faulting (san andreas)
along mid ocean ridge |
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Term
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Definition
upwelling of magma from deep in earth
remains stationary relative to plate movements
Hawaii |
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Term
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Definition
broad profile
effusive eruption
largest
Mauna Loa |
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Term
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Definition
stratovolcano
layers of ash and lava
oceanic crust denser
plugs vent
pressure builds |
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Term
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Definition
magma comes to surface
mantle grows
creates oceanridges (mid atlantic ridge) |
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Term
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Definition
| zone of volcanoes in pacific ocean along divergent boundary |
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Term
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Definition
1st - both land, curst, and ocean basins
2nd - specific landform (mountains, ocean ridge trenches)
3rd - detailed individual landforms |
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Term
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Definition
| craton (or part of the earth's crust) exposed at the surface) |
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Term
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Definition
| along ridge of fold of a fold |
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Term
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Definition
| along the bottom/ trough of a fold |
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Term
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Definition
| divergent boundary one side drops and creates a cliff |
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Term
| Reverse Fault/Thrust Fault |
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Definition
| at convergent boundary compressed stress |
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Term
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Definition
| transform boundary that creates rift valleys |
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Term
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Definition
Horst - upward faulted blocks
Graben - downward faulted blocks |
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Term
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Definition
Mountain building process
Oceanic/continental - pacific coast of america
oceanic/oceanic - volcanic islands
continental/continental - european alps |
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Term
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Definition
seismology - study of
measure with Richter scale
Focus - where it starts
Epicenter- surface location of focus
Foreshock - before
After shock - crust regaining equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
P - compressional
S - most destructive/shear wave
L - slowest, cause most damage because they're on surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Plates dont move smoothly against each other the force exerted in movement moves back and with force |
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Term
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Definition
| vent at earth's surface through which erupted material comes out |
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Term
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Definition
| circular depression formed near summit |
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Term
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Definition
Lava - molten rocks and gases
Pyroclasts - rock and clastic material associated with a violent eruption |
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Term
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Definition
| gentle eruption pours out on surface |
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Term
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Definition
| trapped gases leading to an explosive eruption/ thick magma |
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Term
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Definition
| divergent/convergent boundaries and hot spots |
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Term
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Definition
| steep volcanoes are 10s to 100s meters tall |
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Term
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Definition
| wide/largest & erupts effusively |
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Term
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Definition
violent eruption (pressure builds)
strato volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| mud flow from melted snow w/ lava |
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Term
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Definition
| depression at summit due to loss of magma chamber |
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Term
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Definition
different materials weather at different rates
Sedimentary (fastest)
Metamorphic (slowest) |
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Term
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Definition
| parent material from which weathered regolith (rock fragments) and soil develop |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Geographic Orientation, Vegetation, Climate |
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Definition
Geo - determined on which side is exposed to elements
Veg - stability
Cli -determines type of weathering |
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Term
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Definition
frostaction - water gets into cracks, freezes and then expands
Exfoliation - erosion removes mass. (creates sheets of rock)
Crystallization - water vapor forms crystals. puts pressure on rock |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of broken rocks at the base of a mountain |
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Term
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Definition
spheroidal weathering - rounds corners, water penetrates joints and fractures them
hydrolysis - water breaks down silica and weakens rock
carbination - dissolves limestone, rain water hits rock turn to solution
Oxidation - metals combine w/oxigen makes rust |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction of living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| subsurface water dissolves rock creates a space between water table and surface |
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Term
| Sinkholes/ Collapsed Sinkholes |
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Definition
SH - circular depression formed by solution process
CSH - sinkhole collapse through the roof of an underground cave |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated depression from jointing of multiple collapsed sinkholes |
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Term
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Definition
| in limestone regions because easier to create - caves |
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Term
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Definition
stalagmites - from floor
Stalactites - from ceiling
Column - they join |
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Term
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Definition
down-slope movement of materia due to gravity
Falls: rock fall or debris avalanche
Slides: large movement of rock
Flows: saturated soil. Water moves soild
Creep: always ocurring |
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Term
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Definition
deflation: removal & lifting of individual parties
desert pavement: small particles blow away larger stay
Blowout depression: removes enough material to form a depression
Abrasion: grinding of rocks
Yardang: elongated ridges parallel to most effective wind direction
Ventifacts: rocks with evidence of wind erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| turbulent winds hold light particles in air |
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Term
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Definition
| winds strong enough to move but not suspend |
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Term
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Definition
| Impact moves other grains |
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Term
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Definition
| perpendicular to winds due to impact of saltating particles |
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Term
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Definition
accumulated sand move with wind
winward - gentle slope
leeward - steep side |
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Term
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Definition
| crescent horn points to wind. often coastal |
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Term
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Definition
| crescent horns downwind in desert fringe |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| many curved crescent shorter than longitudinal |
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Term
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Definition
| shifting winds multiple slipfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| conjoined crescents with horns downwind |
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Term
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Definition
flash floods - dry riverbed that can flood
arroyos - dry channels filled with water during storms |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth of a canyon where it exits into a valley |
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Term
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Definition
| alluvial fans individually merging |
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Term
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Definition
| heavily eroded with little vegitation |
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Term
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Definition
| are that splits two rivers |
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Term
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Definition
| Boundary separating basins. (i.e. Mountain Ridge) |
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Term
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Definition
| separates largest basins. (i.e. Rock Mountain) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| tree most common & effective |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel ridges/ dipping or folded topography |
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Term
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Definition
| flow off mountain or volcano |
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Term
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Definition
| tree shaped on steep slopes |
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Term
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Definition
| water flows in right angles at faults & joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disrupted - usually glacial |
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Term
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Definition
Rule 1: when 2 streams of same order come together ill be next highest order
Rule 2: 2 streams of different orders come together its the highest order |
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Term
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Definition
streams flow rate water/time
controlled by: geometry of channel, viscosity, gradient, size of perimeter |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of solids in water |
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Term
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Definition
| solution chemical weathering. i.e. limestone |
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Term
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Definition
| fine material suspended in water |
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Term
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Definition
| current strong enough to move but not suspend |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| linear features dont naturally occur rare |
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Term
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Definition
| stream transports sedmient intertwining channels |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual slope/broad flat sweeping curves |
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Term
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Definition
| outside of curve most erosion |
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Term
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Definition
| inner wave deposition of sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| cut off meander because it is easier to flow |
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Term
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Definition
| curve of lake drains & leaves |
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Term
| Laminar Flow/Turbulent Flow |
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Definition
Lam - no mixing of sediments
Turb - mixing of sediments in solution |
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Term
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Definition
| abrupt change in gradient to eliminate blockage/ resistan rock |
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Term
1.Flood Plains
2.Delta
3.Alluvial Fans
4.Natural Leree |
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Definition
1 - low lying area surrounding a stream
2 - stream enters ocean
3 - delta on land drops sediment from mountain base
4 - blocks water flow |
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Term
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Definition
periods of high discharge water
happens - rain, snow, hurricanes, levee failure
flashflood - happens within minutes of storm
return - describes magnitude, statistical probability |
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Term
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Definition
| required to pay for emergency services if attempt to cross in posted flood areas |
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Term
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Definition
| sediments mixed by wind temp is constant within depth |
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Term
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Definition
| temp colder as you go down |
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Term
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Definition
| near freezing. no mixing of sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| consists high water line, shore line, ocean less that 200ft deep |
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Term
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Definition
dissolved solids from crust
varies 34-37%
brine high than 35%
brackish lower than 35% |
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Term
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Definition
global change in man sea level
global warming
4-8in increase in the last century |
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Term
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Definition
Solar energy - prevailing wind, weather systems and climate
atmospheric wind - generate ocean currents and waves
climate regimes - influence coastal geomorphic
coastal rock - rate of erosion & sediment production
human activities - coastal change |
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Term
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Definition
| gravitational pull of moon and sun |
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Term
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Definition
| sun & moon are perpendicular small tidal range |
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Term
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Definition
| earth and moon are aligned. large tidal range (tidal wave is bigger) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| wind blows friction along water and transfers energy to water . energy moves as a wave |
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Term
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Definition
| wave hit not straight coastline. constant wave interaction straightens coast. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Waves in groups
2.Height of wave and wave crashes |
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Term
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Definition
| waves hit at angle to shore produces current parallel to coast |
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Term
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Definition
waves hit at angle to shore
sand moves with waves and produces transport of sediments down the coast |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of longshore and beach drift |
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Term
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Definition
| fast moving water out to sea/ undertow |
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Term
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Definition
| wave action undercuts land |
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Term
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Definition
| various cliffs due to changing sea level |
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Term
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Definition
| erosion of less resistant rock |
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Term
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Definition
| erosion through less resistant rock erecting a bridge like feature |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
temporary location of sediment transported along shore
stabilizes wave energy |
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Term
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Definition
| deposition of material at end of coast through littoral lift |
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Term
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Definition
| deposition at end of coast that has an enclosed bay |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment deposition connects main land to island sea stacks |
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Term
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Definition
| living organisms dying and they are the crustacean often around volcanic islands |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reef weathers away island |
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Term
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Definition
| in tropics with trees and shrubs where roots are out of water |
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Term
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Definition
| flows from within a U-shaped valley |
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Term
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Definition
| depression in mountain where snow can accumulate glacier forms and flow out |
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Term
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Definition
| glacier that has flowed out form a mountainous region |
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Term
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Definition
| glacier that flows directly to ocean |
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Term
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Definition
much larger than alpine constantly in motion
Greenland and Antartica |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to water fall glacier travels off cliff |
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Term
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Definition
| large chunks of ice falling of tidal glaciers creating icebergs |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden forward movement w out warning |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical cracks in flowing glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure liquifies bottom of glacier and it slides |
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Term
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Definition
| glacial retreat leaving behind valleys were the ice was |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| u-shaped valley from tidal glacier (ocean fills the retreat) |
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Term
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Definition
| ice in cirque melts on leaves or glacial lave |
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Term
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Definition
| ridge where two glaciers flow away |
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Term
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Definition
| point where multiple glaciers flow away |
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Term
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Definition
| net loss of snow melting and snow gaining is equal |
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Term
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Definition
| line where transition from snow to ice |
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Term
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Definition
| net gain of snow is greater than net loss |
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Term
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Definition
| net loss of snow is greater than net gain |
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Term
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Definition
| general term for all glacial deposits both sorted and unsorted |
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Term
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Definition
| unlocal rock put in a location by glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| area of water melt at end of glacier like a delta |
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Term
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Definition
| large block of ice left behind from glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| glacier retreats till left behind |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| erosional hill similar to a dune in shape polished by the side of a glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| sediment eroded by glacial movement that is deposited on the side of the glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of 2 lateral moraines when two glaciers come together |
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