Term
| Why do thicknesses of sedimentary formations thicken offshore? |
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Definition
| sediments get thicker because the pressure of the water deep down packs sediments together and creates accommodation space for more sediment to be deposited |
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Term
| Discuss Cordilleran sedimentation in the Cenozoic. What kind of deposits are they, where are they, why are they important? What evidence is there that these basins were uplifted in the Miocene; what is a potential problem with that scenario? |
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Definition
What kind of deposits are they? Gypsum, halite, fine grained clastics (shale), and limestone
Where are they? The United States-SW Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Colorado
Why are they Important? The world’s largest petroleum source is found in Wyoming
Evidence: fossils suggest low elevation in the Paleocene and Eocene |
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Term
| Explain the development of the Basin and Range Province. |
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Definition
| The basins are down-fallen blocks of crust and the ranges are uplifted blocks of crust. The province was created as the Earth's crust stretched, thinned, and then broke into mountain blocks. Compression stress occurred from the Triassic to the Miocene, and Tensional stress occurred from the Miocene to today. Normaly faulting is associated with the tensional stress that began in the Miocene. |
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Term
| Explain the tectonic changes at the west coast of North America. Why is there still volcanism in Washington and Oregon, but none in southern California today? |
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Definition
The Oceanic crust that’s being subducted at the west of North America is warm and light and the density is similar to continental crust with a low angle of subduction
-There’s nothing left to be subducted in Southern California today |
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Term
| How does the age of oceanic crust being subducted impact the location of volcanoes on continental crust? |
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Definition
| The older the oceanic crust is, the denser, and more compacted it is, then the closer the volcanic activity will be to the coast |
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Term
| Compare the tectonic activity on the west coast of South America to the west coast of North America. |
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Definition
| -What is now happening in NA will later happen to SA, which will be to be subducted and later become transform boundaries |
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Term
| Explain why the separation of Antarctica from South America and Australia impacted climate globally. |
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Definition
| As Antarctica was isolated from warmer waters it became progressively cooler, and glaciers began to form. This also began the Circumpolar Current which also began a significant cooling trend. |
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Term
| What are the two current ice sheets? What (and where) were the three others during the late Cenzoic ice age? |
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Definition
Greenland
Laurentide
Scandanavian
Siberian
Antarctic
What are the two current ice sheets?
Antarctic
Greenland |
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Term
| What were the geological and biological effects of the late Cenozoic ice ages? |
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Definition
- 5 degree change
- global climate change of 5 degrees C
- changes in evaporation rates
- forces migration of animals and changes plant distribution
- extinction |
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Term
| Know the Milankovitch cycles and be able to explain eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. |
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Definition
Milankovitch cycles are periodic changes in: (effect seasonality)
- eccentricity=shape of orbit
- precession=rotation of axis
- obliquity=tilt of axis |
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Term
| Know the earliest member of a group (for those discussed in class). For example, Archaeopteryx was discussed as the earliest bird. |
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Definition
Bird = Archaeopteryx
Mammal = Morganucodon
Tetrapod = Ichthyostega
Reptile = Hylonomus |
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Term
| Know what groups suffer during the extinction events at the end of the Cretaceous and Pleistocene. Know what groups become abundant after the Permian and Cretaceous extinctions. |
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Definition
Brachiopods, Bryozoans and Crinoids suffer at the end of the Permian extinction and Bivalves, Gastropods, Crustaceans, Radiolarians, and Foraminiferans become abundant.
Dinosaurs, Ichthyosaurs, Plesiosaurs, Mosasaurs, and Cephalopods suffer at the Cretaceous extinction and mammals become more abundant. |
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Term
| Be able to discuss possible causes for the extinction events at the end of the Cretaceous and Pleistocene. |
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Definition
K:
- asteroid impact
- volcanism
- cosmic rays
Pleistocene:
- humans
- environmental change
- diseases |
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Term
| Know diagnostic features and general ecological modes of life for the following taxa: Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia, Monotremata, Marsupialia, Eutheria. You should know the features of these groups well enough to answer questions such as “List the diagnostic characters that distinguish Monotremata from Eutheria” and “What two animal groups have a lophophore?” |
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Definition
- Amphibia = get oxygen by: gills, lungs, through skin and must return to water to reproduce
- Reptilia = ? Snakes loose their feet?
- Mammalia = 1 bone in lower jaw, 2 sets of teeth, 3 bones in ear
- Monotremata = lays eggs and (appears in K with teeth. - although I don't think that matters)
- Marsupialia = live birth, nutured in pouch
- Eutheria = live birth, long gestation period |
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Term
| taxa listed on the tree of life handout |
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Definition
Amphibia (gets oxygen by gills, lungs, and skin; lays eggs)
1. Amniota (amniotic egg: egg with a shell, flexible tail, no octic notch)
2. Synapsida (lower hole behind eye; classified by holes behind eye)
a.Pelycosauria (one bone in lower jaw)
b.Mammalia (one bone in lower jaw, two sets of teeth, three bones in ear)
1.Monotremata (lays eggs)
2.Marsupialia (live birth, nurtured in pouch)
3.Eutheria (live birth, long gestation period)
Reptilia
1.Anapsida- (no hole, limbs all same size, thick skulls) a.Chelonia
2.Diapsida (two holes; hind limbs longer than for limbs, dermal bone rare)
a. Archosauria (teeth in sockets; skull with only upper hole behind eye)
1.Crocodylia
2.Pterosauria
3.Dinosauria
Saurischia (lizard-hipped)
-Aves
Ornithischia (bird- hipped)
b. Lepidosauria(teeth fused to jaws, skull with two holes behind eye)
Squamata |
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Term
| Be able to discuss the adaptations necessary for the loss of flight in some groups of birds. What adaptations are seen in mammals which return to the water? |
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Definition
- reduced wings
- enhanced hind limbs for swimming |
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Term
| Be able to discuss the possible reasons for the diverse morphological seen in members of Dinosauria and Eutheria. |
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Definition
-Eutheria give live birth and have long gestation periods. Here’s the diversity into modern groups in Cenozoic:
-insectivores (eat insects, produce faster b/c so small and common food source)
-edentates (eat plants, large body size for protection)
-rodents and rabbits (eat plants, niche= food source, reproduce fastly)
-bats (rodents, eat insects (dominate group), not a big food source, use sonar to find food, nocturnal
-carnivores (eat meat, role=predators)
-ungulates (eat grass, big teeth)
-Dinosauria (2 types)
-Saurischia:
-lizard hipped
-building armor
-defense, play
-Ornithischia:
-bird hipped
-developing crests |
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Term
| How does the faunal composition of reefs in the Cenozoic differ from reefs in the Paleozoic? |
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Definition
-In the Cenozoic the appearance and diversification of angiosperms
-Atolls: coral reefs around a former volcanic island
-The reefs in the Paleozoic had tabulae, rugosa, archeocyathids, sponges, algae, and byzoans -MORE DIVERSITY
-the reefs in Cenozoic ar enow dominated by Scleractinia |
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Term
| Be able to briefly discuss the Great American Biotic Interchange. When? Who goes north? Who goes south? What happens to the existing fauna in South and North America? |
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Definition
- In Cenozoic
- N: Edentates, Marsupials, and Porcupines
- S: dogs, cats, bears, mammoth, mastodon, rabbits, rodents, horses, deer, camels, and tapirs
- The South America fauna - more competition |
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Term
| What steps were there in the Jurassic Park video, and what difficulties arise with each step? |
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Definition
1. Find Dino DNA
Difficulty: the DNA will begin decomposing immediately, it will be hard to get a good sample
2. Grow embryonic cells
Difficulty: Implanting DNA into new cell may not be successful
3. Raise the baby
Difficulty: The baby needs to not look to humans for food or a mate
4. Choose a habitat
Difficulty: It has to support all the life there, and allow diversity
5. Plan Diet
Difficulty: Having enough food will be very difficult
6. Manage their safety
Difficulty: Make sure they don't get modern infections, and also make sure they stay in and don't break out |
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