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Geo 5
UCSB 1st midterm
135
Geography
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2010
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Term
Deffinition of Geography
 Definition
Study of earth as home of humanity
Term
Litteral meaning of the word Geography
 Definition
anchient greek word for 'Earth Writting'
Term
Geographic techniques
 Definition
Term
Human and Physical (natural) geography
 Definition
Term
Arreal Differentiation
 Definition
1. Land surveying and agriculture
2. Astronomy
3. Trade
a. Wants and needs through trade
b. Knowing differences between cultures
4. Military activity
Term
early history of geography
 Definition
Term
three scholarly traditions in geography
 Definition
1) Litterary
2) Cartographic
3) Mathmatical
Term
regional and systematic approaches
 Definition
o Regional (general)
 National geographic geography
 Take a region and focus on it
 Comprehensive
 Both human and physical and interrelations
 Mostly literary and cartographic
o Systematic (specific)
 One thematic area or system
 How it applies to everywhere the system exists
 More scientific and includes more math
Term
geographic features
 Definition
o Objects of places on (near) the earth’s surface
 Natural things like rocks, trees, rivers, ect.
 Also cities, trade routes, internet connections, city block, ect.
 Part that most concerns humans
Term
object vs. field conceptualization
 Definition
 Objects have distinct boundaries
 Fields are more like broad, continuous blankets covering everything
 Ontological distinction
 2 ways of conceptualizing geographic phenomenon
 Some things can have qualities of both
 Depends on scale
Term
dimensionality of features
 Definition
 0,1,2, and 3 dimensional
 Point, line, plane, volumetric
 Depends on scale
Term
spatial concepts—location, distance, direction
 Definition
o Location
 Absolute system = location defined with respect to nothing else
 Relative system = defining location relative to other locations
 Site vs. situation
 Site is describing by the characteristics of the area
 Situation is describing a place w/ a relationship to other places
o Distance and Direction
 Distance=Any measure of what it takes to overcome the separation between places
 Time can be a measure of distance, as can cost/money, ect.
Term
spatial distributions—density, dispersion or concentration, pattern, spatial association (covariation)
 Definition
o Density
 Number of features per unit at a higher dimensionality
o Dispersion or concentration
 Scattered vs clustered
 Dispersed = more spread out than random
 Concentrated = more clustered than random
o Pattern
 1 set of features has a non-random placement
o Spatial association (covariation)
 2 sets of features or variables have a non-random covariation
Term
three meanings of scale—phenomenon, analysis, cartographic
 Definition
o Phenomenon Scale
 The actual size of a feature or process in reality
o Analysis Scale
 Size at which we measure or study a feature or processes
 Would like to match phenomenon scale units
 Huge difficulty to be able to obtain data that would be optimal scale
o Cartographic Scale
 Map scale
 The size of a map relative to the piece of earth that it is representing
 Distance of map / distance in the world
 ****large scale on map = small area shown thus closer to real scale
 Less detail in small scale map
Term
generalization
 Definition
Scale has implications for generalization(how much detail)
 Less generalized = more detail
Term
site and situation
 Definition
Term
definition and characteristics of regions
 Definition
 Some similarity between all areas within the region
 Outside region must thus have differences compared to the region
 5 characteristics: Location, size(area), boundaries vagueness with varying Permeability(how easily can things get through the boundary), Hierarchical organization
Term
four types of regions—administrative, thematic, functional, cognitive
 Definition
 Administrative – created by law/treaty (countries, states, counties), all the area in the boundaries are equally part of the region
 Thematic(formal in text) – defined by one or more objectively measurable themes/variables/properties (soil regions, climate, dialect, terrain), not usually precise boundaries, non-uniform “membership”
 Functional – defined by interactions between places (transportation, communication, economic exchange), vague boundaries/ non-uniform members
 Cognitive (perceptual in text) – Regions of the mind (So-cal vs nor-cal), not actually defined but when people all think of regions in the same way, also vague boundaries
Term
region boundary sharpness or vagueness
 Definition
Term
isochrones
 Definition
Term
the Earth's size and shape
 Definition
Bumpy, oblate(slightly flattened), spheroid
Term
land area and water area on Earth surface
 Definition
~71% water
Term
latitude-longitude grid (graticule)
 Definition
East to west latitude, flattitude
Term
meridians and parallels
 Definition
 Parallels of latitude
• East to west latitude, flattitude
• 90 degrees each way
 Meridians of longitude
• All meet at north and south pole
• 0 degrees = prime meridian = in Britain
• 180 degrees total
 Written in degrees minutes seconds ect.
Term
prime meridian
 Definition
0 degrees longitude
Term
geographic information
 Definition
o Information about the earth and earth phenomena
 Always includes a location of some kind
Term
remote sensing
 Definition
 Pictures of Earth from above the Earth’s surface
 Modern way to record geographic info
 Use electromagnetic radiation to create the pictures
Term
aerial photographs
 Definition
picturea frm above the earths surface
Term
; electromagnetic spectrum
 Definition
Term
definition of maps and cartography
 Definition
o Pictorial models of reality
Term
reference vs. thematic maps
 Definition
 Reference maps
• Original map type
• General purpose – show as accurately as they can the identity and location of a variety features
o Isoline map
 On a line variables value doesn’t change
 Switching lines changes the value either up or down
 Thematic maps
• Much newer type of maps
• Specific purpose maps
• Usually very limited base map with one or more (but still small #) of variables
• More about pattern of variable than what is there
Term
map formats—choropleth, cartograms
 Definition
o Cloropleth maps
 Represent quantitative variables by shading regions
o Cartogram
 Represent quantitative variables by changing the size of the region
Term
isoline (contour) maps
 Definition
o Isoline map
 On a line variables value doesn’t change
 Switching lines changes the value either up or down
Term
proportional area symbols
 Definition
o Proportional area map
 Area of the symbol represents value of the variable
Term
; interpreting isoline maps
 Definition
Term
developing the Earth's surface and map projections
 Definition
o Projections
 the particular way you flatten the Earth’s surface to make it a map
Term
developable surfaces
 Definition
Term
; cylindrical, conic, planar projections
 Definition
Term
projection aspect and location of light source
 Definition
aspect- where the surface is touching
Term
geometric projections
 Definition
Term
mathematical projections
 Definition
Term
; distortions due to projection
 Definition
o Maps can deceive
 Always have selective presentation
 Generalization
 Graphical clarity
 Misleading symbolism
 Scale
 Projection
Term
choice of projection
 Definition
Term
Mercator projection
 Definition
preserves direction

inappropritely used as a general world map
Term
power of maps
 Definition
 Vision is the best sense
 Maps highlight the important and relevant while downplaying or omitting the less important
 Can even display things that cant visually be seen in the real world
Term
topological subway (network) maps
 Definition
leave out a lot of info but have essentials
Term
deception of maps
 Definition
o Maps can deceive
 Always have selective presentation
 Generalization
 Graphical clarity
 Misleading symbolism
 Scale
 Projection
Term
T-O maps
 Definition
Term
geographic information system (GIS)
 Definition
o Computerized geographic information
 Saved in data layers
• Terrain, then network, utilities, lots/ownership ,zones/districts ,base mapping
Term
raster and vector data formats
 Definition
o Two data formats: Vector and Raster
 Vector – computational model of objects
• Lines/vectors
 Raster – computational model of fields
• Fill in the squares field
Term
domains of spatial behavior and interaction in human geography
 Definition
o Three domains in human geography
1. Human mobility
2. Material/energy transport (moving stuff)
3. Movement of information/ideas/data (communication)
Term
distance decay—friction of distance, 1st Law of Geography, typical shape of decay function
 Definition
o Interaction shows distance decay
 Look at graph for it
 Distance vs. interaction
 Distance has a friction, things father away have more ‘friction’
1st law of geography: “everything is related to everything else, but closer things are more related than distant things”
Term
barriers to interaction
 Definition
 Impede interaction (slow, block, or redirect interaction)
 3 types
• Physical – mountains, oceans, ect.
• Socio-cultural – linguistic groups, social class, zoning laws
• Psychological – lack of knowledge of existence, fear
Term
networks, nodes, links
 Definition
 A system of places and connecting links along which spatial interaction is increased
 Hierarchy of nodes
• Lager nodes=more interaction, smaller= less (big vs. small city)
Term
(urban) node hierarchies
 Definition
Big airports in Large cities with smaller ones spread out among smaller cities
Term
technology and distance decay
 Definition
 Generally reduce the friction of distance, make it easier to overcome distance
Term
time-space convergence
 Definition
• The world is essentially getting smaller due to faster and cheaper communication
Term
globalization
 Definition
• Greater interconnectivity between places around the world
Term
computational modeling in geography; principle of parsimony
 Definition
 Parts of a model and their interrelationships represented as mathematical or computer programs
 Simulation
 Principal of parsimony – the simplest explanation that works is the best
Term
social gravity
 Definition
 Interaction between places depends on how far apart they are and how attractive the places are to interaction
Term
simple gravity model
 Definition
Interaction between places depends on how far apart they are and how attractive the places are to interaction
 Interaction between place i & j = (constant) (Place i)(Place j)/(distance between i & j)^(some power beta)
Term
interaction attractiveness
 Definition
Term
distance exponent
 Definition
Term
retail gravitation model
 Definition
 Breaking point from i = (distance between city i & j)/(1+ root(pop j/pop i))
 To show which city people will go to shop at depending on where they live between the cities (concept on test, not equation)
Term
Reilly’s Breaking Point Model
 Definition
Term
Huff Model
 Definition
Term
perception
 Definition
Term
Cognition
 Definition
knowledge, beliefs, thinking, reasoning, learning, memory (conscious and subconscious)
Term
affect
 Definition
moods, emotions. feelings
Term
attitudes
 Definition
belief about something coupled with an affective stance to it
Term
behavior
 Definition
what people actually do, coordinated and goal direction action
Term
behavioral (disaggregate) approach to human geography
 Definition
Term
two motivations for behavioral/cognitive geography
 Definition
Term
temporary travel vs. migration (including ambiguous cases)
 Definition
 Temporary travel = intending to return home after a limited time period
 Migration = permanent moving of home
Term
individual activity space
 Definition
 Regular travel space, near daily
 Does not include unusual travel
 Home range – extent of regular travel relative to your home
 Criminal range – area over which a criminal targets for his crimes
Term
home range
 Definition
– extent of regular travel relative to your home
Term
criminal range
 Definition
– area over which a criminal targets for his crimes
Term
time geography
 Definition
Studying geography and how it relates with time
Term
space-time paths
 Definition
• Combines activity space with time
3D Model
Term
space-time prisms
 Definition
• Potential activity locations at given times, based on constraints of your schedule
Term
space-time budgets
 Definition
How you use your time fitting in your space-time prism
Term
cognitive (mental) maps
 Definition
• Ideas in your head of the layout of an area
• Help organize your memories and experiences in the world
Term
sketch maps
 Definition
• An attempt by someone to draw their cognitive map
Term
distortions in cognitive maps
 Definition
Areas of more importance to you often seem bigger
Cognitive maps are not precise
Term
navigation
 Definition
coordinated movement through the environment
Term
orientation
 Definition
– knowing where you are in the environment
Term
you-are-here map orientation
 Definition
Maps like these need to be oriented to the way you are facing while lookin at them or they become very confusing
Term
environmental attitudes
 Definition
o Place Perception
o Residential Preferences
Term
place perception
 Definition
How one sees a place, often influenced by place sterotypes and not based of actual knowledge of the area
Term
place stereotypes
 Definition
Labeling a whole region as something, usually over exagerated. Someone living in a region will have diffrent stereotpes than someone not from there
Term
self-identification and self-definition via place
 Definition
People identify and tend to look at themselves in certain ways based on where they are from. Location is a big part of ones "self"
Term
attachment to place
 Definition
People who live in a place become attached to it and tend to like it more than someone would from outside the area
Term
preference maps
 Definition
Maps used to show how people view certain areas
Term
definition and structure of culture (3 components—ideological, technological, sociological)
 Definition

o   Socially Shared and Transmitted Patterns of Beliefs, Behaviors, and Material Artifacts

o   Three Subsystems of Culture: Ideological, Technological, Sociological

 

§  Ideological: beliefs and knowledge (creation stories, ethic systems, language)

 

§  Technological – material things (weapons, tools, architecture)


§  Sociological – social patterns and rituals (lineage, government, mating patterns)
Term
mentifacts, artifacts, sociofacts
 Definition
• Mentifact – a particular belief linked to
• Artifact – a particular material thing
• Sociofact – particular social pattern/ritual
Term
culture trait
 Definition
Term
culture region
 Definition
Term
cultural core and domain
 Definition
Term
cultural landscape
 Definition
Term
cultural change—innovation and diffusion
 Definition
• TWO PROCESSES (TYPES) OF DIFFUSION
o Relocation Diffusion
• People move and take their practices with them
o Expansion Diffusion
• People who don’t practice something adopt an innovation when they hear of it
Term
in situ cultural changes vs. external contact changes
 Definition
• in situ vs. external contact
• in situ – cultural practice change without external effects
• external contact
o syncretism – cultural hybrid (2 cultures meet & blend together)
o sometimes one culture just takes over the other
o English language evolving – modern English(shakespeare), Middle English (Chaucer), Old English (Beowulf)
Term
culture hearth
 Definition
Term
cultural syncretism
 Definition
Term
ethnicity, language, and religion
 Definition
o Language and Religion: Core Elements of Culture
• Patterns of religion compared to region
• Groups of religious groups move together
• Religion is a huge part of peoples identities
Term
number of languages
 Definition
o Around 5,000 worldwide
Term
major world languages
 Definition
o 1: Mandarin, 2/3:English/Spanish, 4:Hindi, 5:Portuguese, 6:Bengali, 7: Russian, 8: Japanese
Term
primary vs. secondary languages
 Definition
Term
monolingualism, multilingualism
 Definition
Term
language family
 Definition
o Languages Grouped into Larger Units
• Endo-European is the largest group


****dont know if thats what language family is
Term
diffusion of language
 Definition
Term
origin and diffusion of Indo-European language family
 Definition
Term
origin, changes, and diffusion of English language
 Definition
o English language evolving – modern English(shakespeare), Middle English (Chaucer), Old English (Beowulf)
Term
extinct and moribund languages
 Definition
• 25% of world languages are moribund
• Moribund – not being taught to the kids, doomed to die out
Term
; American Indian languages
 Definition
• Native American Languages Act of 1990
• Designed to help document and preserve native American languages
Term
dialects
 Definition
• Dialects: relative to ‘standard language’

• A variation in every day(vernacular – regular) speech that are mutually comprehensible
• Variations in pronunciation, syntax, speed, rhythm, etc.
• Based on regional isolation, social class isolation
Term
standard (official) language
 Definition
• Standard language – official and correct way to speak a language
Term
pidgins, creoles
 Definition
• Syncretics
• Pidgin language – a simplified combo of 2 languages used by 2 separate cultural groups just for their interaction
• Creole language – pidgin that becomes a primary language of a culturally mixed area
Term
toponymy
 Definition
o Toponymy: The Study of Place Names
• Long jumbled words (look up exactly what it is)
Term
major world religions
 Definition
• Christianity – 33%, Islam 21%, Non-religious 16%, Hinduism 14%, Primal-indigenous 6%, Chinese tradition 6%, Buddhism 6%, Sikhism .36%, Judaism .22%, other
Term
monotheism, polytheism, animism, secularism
 Definition
Term
religious “dialects”
 Definition
Term
universalizing
 Definition
o Universalizing
• Proselytizing
• ‘Meant for everyone’
Term
ethnic, tribal (traditional) religions
 Definition
o Ethnic
• Meant for the ethnic group that practices, they get it
• Spreads through people moving to other areas
o Traditional
• Close ties to the natural world
• Small local religions
• The divine in nature “animism”
• Disappearing for the most part
Term
spatial diffusion
 Definition
• TWO SPATIAL PATTERNS OF DIFFUSION
o Contagious
• Diffusion of the trait shows distance decay patterns
• Clustered spread
o Hierarchical
• Trait jumping to an important place before spreading to places in between
• Causes new clusters of innovation
Term
medical geography
 Definition
Term
diffusion vs. independent innovation
 Definition
o Innovation: (origin)
• creation of a new trait
• Culture hearth: a place where a lot of important traits originate
Term
adoption of innovations
 Definition
Term
innovation “laggards”
 Definition
ppl who dont adopt an innovation till the very end
Term
relocation and expansion diffusion processes
 Definition
o Expansion Diffusion
• People who don’t practice something adopt an innovation when they hear of it
o Relocation Diffusion
• People move and take their practices with them
Term
contagious and hierarchical diffusion patterns
 Definition
• TWO SPATIAL PATTERNS OF DIFFUSION
o Contagious
• Diffusion of the trait shows distance decay patterns
• Clustered spread
o Hierarchical
• Trait jumping to an important place before spreading to places in between
• Causes new clusters of innovation
Term
Hägerstrand model of diffusion
 Definition
• HAEGERSTRAND’S MODEL OF CONTAGIOUS EXPANSION DIFFUSION
o Background
• Swedish geographer
• One of the best geographers in the world
• Model of contagious expansion
• Monte Carlo modeling – random process
• Stochastic
• Probabilistic
o Three Main Assumptions of Model
• Isotropic plane –simplifying, no directional bias for diffusion, even spread of population
• Contacts are identical – every time someone is contacted they get the same info and equal persuasiveness
• Distance decay – declining rate of diffusion with distance
o Steps of Model
• Lay down the information field and use it to guess where it will spread
• Repeat
o More Complex Models (Modify Assumptions)
• Variable contacts
Term
Monte Carlo modeling
 Definition
Term
isotropic plain
 Definition
• Isotropic plane –simplifying, no directional bias for diffusion, even spread of population
Term
“mean information field” (MIF)
 Definition
Term
o More Complex Models (Modify Assumptions)
• Variable contacts
 Definition
modifying the assumptions of the Hägerstrand model
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