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| zone of leaching of soluble salts and minerals(topsoil) |
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| zone of accumulation; redder in color and harder than the A horizon. |
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| Important agents of physical weathering and help prepare rock for its conversion to soil and sediment. |
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| Weathered transition zone that grades downward into fresh parent material. |
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| forms when downward water evaporates and deposits calcium carbonate that has been leached from above. |
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| Color is a good indicator of a soil's ________. |
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| Isotopes made by cosmic radiation. |
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| Minimizing plowing in the fall and leaving at least 30% of the soil surface covered with plant residue. |
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| yearly alternation of soil-depleting crops with soil-enriching crops. |
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| The removal and transportation of weathered or unweathered materials by wind, running water, waves, glaciers, groundwater, and gravity. |
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| Example of physical weathering; result from the unloading of rocks that have been deeply buried. As erosion removes the overlaying rock, it reduces pressure on the underlying rock, which in turn begin to expand. |
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| absorb water easily and fall into the soil order vertisol. |
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| When fire passes by rocks the surface of the rock may heat to hundreds of degrees centigrade in a matter of just a few minutes, expanding the rock. meanwhile several centimeters below the surface, the rock remains cool. This differential expansion sets up huge stresses, which can even shatter the toughest rock. |
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| Water freezes in joints or other rock openings and expands. |
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| widening, deepening, and headward erosion of rills by water both running over the surface and moving through pores in the soil and parent material. it removes large ares of land from production or even transit. |
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| Orthoclase feldspar combines with acid and water, forming clay minerals and potassium ions. (Al2,Si2,O5(OH)4 + 2K+ + 4H4,SiO4) |
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| soil changing over time as iron-rich minerals oxidize "rust" and grow redder, organic matter accumulates, and clays that form by weathering are transported into the soil by gravity and water. |
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Windblown silt composed of very small grains of feldspar, quartz, calcite, and mica. Covers 20% of USA and 10% of Earths area.
Also it is Earths most fertile parent material. The sources of loess are glacial deposits and deserts. It derives its fertility from its loamy texture which allows roots to penetrate easily and retains water well. Yellow in color. |
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| Seeds are planted into the soil throught the previous drops residue and weeds are controlled solely with chemicals. |
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| Humus; layer of organic material. Provides CO2 and organic compounds that make the percolating water slightly acidic. |
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Oxygen and water combine with iron, producing hydrated iron oxide. "rust"
(2(Fe2,O3 x 3H2,O) |
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| dome-shaped mound resluting from water rising up and freezing. |
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| the fragmental rock material at and just below earths surface. |
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| Discrete streamlets carved into the soil. |
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| Effective in porous, granular rock such as sandstone and occurs mainly in arid regions. |
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| Parallel to the erosion surface; slabs of rock then begin to slip,slide, or break off the host rock, revealing a large dome. MOst common in intrusive igneous rock. |
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| the removal of soil particles in thin layers more or less evenly from and area of gently sloping, bare land. |
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As the proportion of humus increases, soil color darkens from brown to nearly black.
Oxides impart a yellowish or reddish color. |
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| the size of the individual grains composing it; a major determinant of its utility. |
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The dissolving of minerals; Carbon Dioxide released from decaying organic matter and from atmosphere combines with water to form carbonic acid. This natural, weak acid attacks solid limestone, dissolving it and yielding a watery solution of calcium and bicarbonate ions.
(Ca++ + 2(HCO3)-) |
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A combination of physical and chemical weathering in which concentric shells of decayed rock are separated from a block bounded by joints or other fractures.
Also known as "onionskin" weathering.
Result: When a rectangular block is weathered from 3 corners and 2 sides along its edges. |
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| close-grown plants are alternated with widely spaced ones, efficiently traps soil that is washed from bare areas and supplies some wind protection. |
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| creating flat areas on sloping ground; oldest and most efficient means of saving water and soil. |
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| Treatment for expansive soils |
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1. removing them
2. mixing them with non expansive material or with chemicals that change the way the clay reacts with water.
3. keeping the soil moisture constant.
4. using reinforced foundations that are designed to withstand soil volume changes. |
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| the physical disintegration and chemical decomposition of earth materials at or near the Earth's surface. |
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| What are the 5 environmental factors that determine the development of soil? |
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C.L.O.R.P.T
1.Climate
2.Organic Activity
3.Relief of the Land
4.Parent material
5.Length of time that soil-forming processes have been acting |
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| Where are the largest loess deposits? |
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| Where does Physical/Chemical weathering affects the most? |
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Physical-Arid or dry regions
Chemical-HUmid areas |
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Where is the North Dome?
Where is Stone Mountain? |
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Yosemite National Park
Georgia |
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